BJELOOČNICA (SKLERA)....

Građa mrežnice..............................................................................................................................84

Područja mrežnice.........................................................................................................................85

OFTALMOSKOPIJA....................................................................................................................86

Prosvjetljavanje zjenice.........................................................................................................86

Promatranje očne pozadine..................................................................................................87

Indirektna oftalmoskopija.....................................................................................................88

Fluoresceinska angiografija i fotografiranje očne pozadine ................................................88

Elektroretinografija...............................................................................................................89

Elektrookulografija................................................................................................................89

Ultrazvuk...............................................................................................................................89

OSNOVNE PATOLOŠKE PROMJENE MREŽNICE.........................................................................89

DISGENEZE MREŽNICE........................................................................................................................90

Fibrae medullares..................................................................................................................90

Tortuositas vasorum retinae congenita................................................................................90

PREMATURNA RETINOPATIJA (RETINOPATIJA NEDONOŠČADI).....................................................................90

Čimbenici rizika za pojavu prematurne retinopatije ......................................................................91

VASKULARNE BOLESTI MREŽNICE.............................................................................................................91

Opskrba mrežnice........................................................................................................................91

Hipertenzivna retinopatija....................................................................................................92

I stupanj.........................................................................................................................................92

II stupanj .......................................................................................................................................92

III stupanj.......................................................................................................................................92

IV stupanj.......................................................................................................................................93

Venska retinopatija...............................................................................................................95

Okluzija mrežnične arterije ...................................................................................................96

DIJABETIČKA RETINOPATIJA...................................................................................................................96

Neproliferativna dijabetička retinopatija ......................................................................................97

Prepoliferativna dijabetička retinopatija .......................................................................................97

Proliferativna dijabetička retinopatija ...........................................................................................99

Dijabetička makulopatija.............................................................................................................100

Liječenje dijabetičke retinopatije.................................................................................................100

Ostale očne promjene kod dijabetesa..........................................................................................101

UPALE MREŽNICE...................................................................................................................102

Toksoplazmoza ...................................................................................................................102

CITOMEGALOVIRUSNI RETINITIS.........................................................................................102

DEGENERATIVNE BOLESTI MREŽNICE.......................................................................................................103

SENILNA MAKULARNA DEGENERACIJA......................................................................................................103

Sudbina drugog oka....................................................................................................................104

Drusae retinae.............................................................................................................................104

Amslerove karte ..........................................................................................................................104

DISTROFIJE MREŽNICE...........................................................................................................105

Retinitis pigmentosa ...........................................................................................................105

Ispitivanje adaptacije na mrak i na svjetlo .........................................................................107

Adaptacija na mrak i na svjetlo....................................................................................................107

Adaptometrija..............................................................................................................................107

Fundus albipunctatus .........................................................................................................107

juvenilna degeneracija žute pjege (Stargardtova bolest) ..................................................107

Degeneratio punctata albescens........................................................................................107

Odignuće mrežnice (Ablacija mrežnice)..............................................................................108

Retinoshiza..........................................................................................................................110

toksička degeneracija mrežnice..........................................................................................110

TUMORI MREŽNICE..........................................................................................................................110

Retinoblastom.....................................................................................................................111

Haemangiom mrežnice.......................................................................................................111

Astrocitom...........................................................................................................................111

GLAUKOM...........................................................................................................................111

OČNE KOMORICE I KOMORNI KUT (IRIDOKORNEALNI KUT)..............................................................111

BJELOOČNICA (SKLERA).........................................................................................................56 Građa bjeloočnice..........................................................................................................................56 Funkcija bjeloočnice.......................................................................................................................57 UPALE.........................................................................................................................................57 Episkleritis......................................................................................................................................57 Skleritis..........................................................................................................................................58 DEGENERACIJE................................................................................................................................58 Stafilom bjeloočnice.......................................................................................................................58 STAKLASTO TIJELO.................................................................................................................58 Građa staklastog tijela...................................................................................................................58 OSNOVNE PATOLOŠKE PROMJENE STAKLOVINE......................................................................59 Krvarenje u staklovinu (hematovitreus) ........................................................................................60 Disgeneza staklovine.............................................................................................................60 Primarna hiperplastična staklovina................................................................................................60 Degenerativne promjene staklovine.....................................................................................60 distrofične promjene staklovine............................................................................................61 Asteroidna hijaloza........................................................................................................................61 Scintilirajuća sinhiza (holesteroloza očne jabučice).......................................................................61 Upalne promjene u staklovini........................................................................................................61 Ozljede staklastog tijela.................................................................................................................62 LEĆA .....................................................................................................................................63 GRAĐA LEĆE.................................................................................................................................63 OSNOVNE PATOLOŠKE PROMJENE LEĆE..................................................................................64 Kongenitalni poremećaji oblika leće..............................................................................................64 Poremećaji položaja leće...............................................................................................................64 .................................................................................................................................................66 KATARAKTA..............................................................................................................................66 Afakija ...........................................................................................................................................68 Pseudofakija...................................................................................................................................68 Sekundarna katarakta ...................................................................................................................68 Ekstrakapsularna ekstrakcija katarakte i fakoemulzifikacija...........................................................68 Implantacija intraokularne kontaktne leće....................................................................................69 Ekstrakcija prozirne leće................................................................................................................69 UVEA.....................................................................................................................................71 SREDNJA OČNA OVOJNICA ......................................................................................................71 Šarenica (iris) ........................................................................................................................71 Anatomija šarenice........................................................................................................................71 Histološka građa šarenice..............................................................................................................72 Pigmentacija šarenice....................................................................................................................73 Cilijarno tijelo........................................................................................................................74 Histološka građa cilijarnog tijela....................................................................................................75 Inervacija cilijarnog tijela...............................................................................................................75 Mehanizam akomodacije i sinkineza..............................................................................................76 Žilnica ...................................................................................................................................77 Funkcija žilnice...............................................................................................................................78 NAJČEŠĆE PATOLOŠKE PROMJENE UVEE................................................................................78 DISGENEZE ŠARENICE I ŽILNICE...............................................................................................................78 IridocIklitis (PREDNJI Uveitis) ...............................................................................................79 STRAŽNJI UVEITIS ( KORIOIDITIS, KORIORETINITIS)........................................................................................80 SIMPATIČKA OFTALMIJA......................................................................................................................82 MELANOM ....................................................................................................................................82 Hemangiom...........................................................................................................................83 Enukleacija očne jabučice..............................................................................................................83 MREŽNICA (RETINA; UNUTRAŠNJA OČNA OVOJNICA)............................................................84 Karmen Lončarek 26.02.2008. 4

Građa mrežnice..............................................................................................................................84 Područja mrežnice.........................................................................................................................85 OFTALMOSKOPIJA....................................................................................................................86 Prosvjetljavanje zjenice.........................................................................................................86 Promatranje očne pozadine..................................................................................................87 Indirektna oftalmoskopija.....................................................................................................88 Fluoresceinska angiografija i fotografiranje očne pozadine ................................................88 Elektroretinografija...............................................................................................................89 Elektrookulografija................................................................................................................89 Ultrazvuk...............................................................................................................................89 OSNOVNE PATOLOŠKE PROMJENE MREŽNICE.........................................................................89 DISGENEZE MREŽNICE........................................................................................................................90 Fibrae medullares..................................................................................................................90 Tortuositas vasorum retinae congenita................................................................................90 PREMATURNA RETINOPATIJA (RETINOPATIJA NEDONOŠČADI).....................................................................90 Čimbenici rizika za pojavu prematurne retinopatije ......................................................................91 VASKULARNE BOLESTI MREŽNICE.............................................................................................................91 Opskrba mrežnice........................................................................................................................91 Hipertenzivna retinopatija....................................................................................................92 I stupanj.........................................................................................................................................92 II stupanj .......................................................................................................................................92 III stupanj.......................................................................................................................................92 IV stupanj.......................................................................................................................................93 Venska retinopatija...............................................................................................................95 Okluzija mrežnične arterije ...................................................................................................96 DIJABETIČKA RETINOPATIJA...................................................................................................................96 Neproliferativna dijabetička retinopatija ......................................................................................97 Prepoliferativna dijabetička retinopatija .......................................................................................97 Proliferativna dijabetička retinopatija ...........................................................................................99 Dijabetička makulopatija.............................................................................................................100 Liječenje dijabetičke retinopatije.................................................................................................100 Ostale očne promjene kod dijabetesa..........................................................................................101 UPALE MREŽNICE...................................................................................................................102 Toksoplazmoza ...................................................................................................................102 CITOMEGALOVIRUSNI RETINITIS.........................................................................................102 DEGENERATIVNE BOLESTI MREŽNICE.......................................................................................................103 SENILNA MAKULARNA DEGENERACIJA......................................................................................................103 Sudbina drugog oka....................................................................................................................104 Drusae retinae.............................................................................................................................104 Amslerove karte ..........................................................................................................................104 DISTROFIJE MREŽNICE...........................................................................................................105 Retinitis pigmentosa ...........................................................................................................105 Ispitivanje adaptacije na mrak i na svjetlo .........................................................................107 Adaptacija na mrak i na svjetlo....................................................................................................107 Adaptometrija..............................................................................................................................107 Fundus albipunctatus .........................................................................................................107 juvenilna degeneracija žute pjege (Stargardtova bolest) ..................................................107 Degeneratio punctata albescens........................................................................................107 Odignuće mrežnice (Ablacija mrežnice)..............................................................................108 Retinoshiza..........................................................................................................................110 toksička degeneracija mrežnice..........................................................................................110 TUMORI MREŽNICE..........................................................................................................................110 Retinoblastom.....................................................................................................................111 Haemangiom mrežnice.......................................................................................................111 Astrocitom...........................................................................................................................111 GLAUKOM...........................................................................................................................111 5 OČNE KOMORICE I KOMORNI KUT (IRIDOKORNEALNI KUT)..............................................................111