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26 CHAPTER 2. ATMOSPHERE AND REMOTE SENSING 2.1.9 Tomographic LP-DOAS measurements of 2D trace gas distributions in Heidelberg Participating scientists Denis Poehler, Andreas Hartl, Ulrich Platt Abstract Two dimensional distributions of trace gases were investigated with relatively high spatial and temporal resolution by tomographic LP-DOAS technique in the city of Heidelberg. In total nearly simultaneous measurements along 20 different light paths were performed. Using tomographic inversion techniques first two dimensional NO2 and SO2 distributions could be achieved. NNO N O 2 8:30 A M 9.2.2006 w in d directio n S O 2 8:30 A M 9.2.2006 w in d directio n Figure 2.10: Measurement setup and reconstructed NO2 and SO2 trace gas distributions in the city of Heidelberg. The white lines in the map of Heidelberg indicate the measured light paths with LP-DOAS technique. The yellow lines indicate the boxes used for the reconstruction. Center and right panel show distributions of NO2 and SO2, respectively. Colour scale: 1 unit = 5∗10 11 Molec./cm 3 = 18.9ppb (preliminary results). Background LP-DOAS (Long Path- Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) is a well known remote sensing technique for measuring the average concentration of tropospheric trace gases along extended light paths in the open atmosphere. In order to retrieve information of the spatial trace gas distribution tomographic LP- DOAS measurements are useful. They combine the measurement along several intersecting light paths with tomographic inversion techniques and allow 2 and 3 dimensional retrieval of trace gas distributions. The development of the ”Multibeam” LP-DOAS telescope Pundt & Mettendorf [2005], allows the measurement along several light paths simultaneously with one instrument. With the suitable combination of two or more ”Multibeam” telescopes a good coverage of the investigating area can be achieved (see Figure 2.10). Methods and results In a campaign in Heidelberg, Germany, a measurement set-up encompassing a total of 20 light paths by using three ”Multibeam” LP-DOAS instruments (placed on the buildings: IUP, Heidelberger Druckmaschinen and SAS) is being tested. 18 retro reflector arrays are installed on different buildings all over the city, and two reflectors are installed on the mountains for further three dimensional reconstructions. The investigated area is about 4 * 4 km 2 above the city centre and covers different ur- ban areas with different emission sources. In the detected wavelength range from 285nm to 365nm the average concentrations of the trace gases NO2, SO2, O3, HCHO and HONO along each light path could be retrieved with a temporal resolution below 15 minutes. The first evaluated data from winter 2005/06 show high accuracy for NO2 (Error ≈ 2%) and SO2 (Error ≈ 4%) mean concentrations. They allow to derive two-dimensional distributions for these trace gases above the city. We were able to create time series of the distributions for several days. Thus different emission sources varying strongly in space and time can be identified. We can localise emissions from traffic (mainly NO2) at the high traffic roads and resident heating systems (mainly SO2). In combination with several weather stations transport of the gases can be studied. The results are compared with in-situ monitors. Outlook/Future work The results demonstrate that tomographic DOAS measurements can be used to study emissions and transport of trace gases and are valuable input to evaluate models predicting the air quality. From improved measurements in summer / autumn / winter 2006 we expect to retrieve the trace distributions of additional components. To improve the quality of the reconstructed distributions, we intend to optimize the reconstruction grid.
2.1. TROPOSPHERIC RESEARCH GROUP 27 2.1.10 DOAS measurements of iodine oxides in the framework of the MAP project Katja Seitz (Denis Pöhler, Maria Martin, Torsten Stein, Ulrich Platt) Abstract The role of iodine oxides as precursors for formation of secondary marine aerosols (SMA)was investigated by active as well as passive DOAS measurements which were performed in the framework of the MAP (Marine Aerosol Production) project. During an intensive measurement campaign simultaneous measurements of halogen oxides were performed at the Mace Head research station (Irish West Coast) and on board the Celtic Explorer research vessel. Figure 2.11: Ship Course of the Celtic Explorer, colour indicates biological activity. Background Recent field and laboratory studies indicate a great relevance of reactive iodine in new particle formation processes. Since particles in the marine atmosphere affect the microphysical properties of clouds, they have a potential impact on climate. Objective of MAP was to quantify the key processes associated with primary (PMA) and secondary marine aerosol production from natural sources. Methods and results To get seasonal information of the correlation between biological activity and the iodine oxides as precursor of SMA two Mini-MAX-DOAS instruments were established at Mace Head research station. In order to validate the results of the Mini-MAX-DOAS and also due to the better detection limit and the possibility to also measure at nighttime during an intensive campaign in June additional longpath DOAS measurements were performed. Simultaneous there were Mini-MAX-DOAS measurements on board the Celtic Explorer research vessel cruising the Northern Atlantic in front of the Irish west coast. Objective on the Celtic Explorer was to quantify the particle formation independent from coastal influence. In first evaluations IO levels up to ≈ 3.5ppt could be detected at Mace Head with the Mini-MAX-DOAS as well as with the longpath DOAS. Also the detection of iodine oxides was correlated with large particle formation events. In first evaluations no iodine oxides could be detected for the ship cruise. Outlook/Future work In the next step more sophisticated evaluation of all data have to be performed. The results will then be compared to informations available from other groups involved in MAP e.g. particle formation events, tidal height and biological activity. Funding PhD Thesis in the framework of the MAP project, funded by the European Union.
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Bibliography 177
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180 CHAPTER 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY Butz, A
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182 CHAPTER 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY Leigh,
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184 CHAPTER 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY Wang, P
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186 CHAPTER 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY Kühl,
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7.3. PHD THESES 189 PhD Theses Boss
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7.5. INVITED TALKS 193 Invited Talk
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