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36 CHAPTER 2. ATMOSPHERE AND REMOTE SENSING Scientific objectives • Photochemistry and budget of upper tropospheric and stratospheric bromine (BrO, Bry) and its relevance to stratospheric ozone • Photochemistry and budget of upper tropospheric and stratospheric iodine (IO, OIO, Iy) [Butz, 2006; Schwärzle, 2005; Figure 2.16] • Stratospheric chemistry and budget of odd nitrogen (NO, NO2, HNO3, ClONO2) [Butz, 2006]; • Partitioning and photochemistry of chlorine and bromine in the high-latitude stratosphere and the assessment of the instantaneous in-situ ozone loss rate [Butz et al. , 2006b] • Prominent natural and anthropogenic sources contributing to the trace gas composition of the tropical tropopause and lowermost stratosphere (TTL/LMS) [Reichl, 2005; Schwärzle, 2005] • Temporal and spatial dependencies of stratospheric radical concentrations (e. g. NO2/N2O5 and BrO/OClO) [Section 2.2.5] • Validation of remote sensing satellite instruments such as ILAS/ADEOS, POAM II and III, SAGE II and III, ODIN/OSIRIS, GOME/ERS-2, and SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT [Butz et al. , 2006a; Dorf et al. , 2006a] Background In recent years it became clear that the destructive influence on the stratospheric ozone layer needs further investigation and monitoring. It is triggered by a changing atmospheric composition due to the anthropogenic emission of a variety of ozone harmful and greenhouse gases. In addition, research (to which our research group is also largely contributing) is indicating that naturally emitted and mostly short-lived halogen bearing organic species may significantly contribute to the burden of ozone harmful halogens (Cl, Br, and I). Most important, and evident, appears their efficient transport from the various terrestrial and oceanic sources through the tropical troposphere into the lower stratosphere of the tropics. It appears worthwhile to identify the various sources of these organic gases, their fate, and their inorganic products in the tropical atmosphere. This approach is presently followed with various experimental and theoretical methods used by the research group and the various cooperating partners. Further, processes leading to stratospheric ozone loss, e. g. in the polar region in winter or the decline in mid-latitude ozone, need to be investigated. A second objective of our research relies on the experimental skills of the research group and the known deficits in properly understanding the spectral solar irradiance and its variability. Improving the knowledge of the latter is most important in particular for the UV-A and B spectral ranges. This supports a better understanding of possible sun-climate interactions, the atmospheric photochemistry and energy budget, and is of interest for the solar cell industry. Main methods The research objectives imply to probe the stratosphere by high-altitude (∼ 40 km) balloon soundings. For that purpose the research group is operating (1) a self-made two channel UV/Vis spectrometer for direct sun measurements, and (2) a novel limb-scanning UV/Vis spectrometer. Both spectrometers are deployed on the joint French-German LPMA/DOAS (Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire et Applications/Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) balloon payload. Jointly with our direct sun measurements, our French partner operates a near-IR Fourier-Transform spectrometer to measure mid-IR absorbing gases. Balloon flights are regularly performed at high (Kiruna, Sweden), mid (Aire sur l’Adour, France), and low latitudes (Teresina, Brazil). Interpretation of the measurements also involves radiative transfer studies and 1-D photochemical modelling on air-mass trajectories provided by our partner Meteorologisches Institut, FU-Berlin, Germany. The model’s required initialization is provided through outputs from a 3-D chemistry model (CTM-SLIMCAT) run by the Institute for Atmospheric Science – School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, UK. Our scientific objectives are primarily achieved through measurements of stratospheric radicals (O3, NO2, BrO, OClO, IO, OIO, . . . ) and related trace gases (CH4, N2O, HCl, NO, HNO3, ClONO2, . . . ) and the interpretation of the results with respect to the photochemistry of stratospheric ozone. Major research objectives involve studies of the processes leading to the formation of the ozone hole during polar winter, the global decline in stratospheric ozone, and since recently the photochemistry and transport in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and lowermost stratosphere (LMS). The research of the group is largely contributing to various international assessments on stratospheric ozone (WMO report in 1998, 2002, and 2006), organized by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO).
2.2. STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH GROUP 37 Main activities • The retrieval and interpretation of data from past field campaigns • Dissemination of the results obtained from previous atmospheric soundings • Performance of a mini-DOAS flight on the MIPAS-B payload at Kiruna (67.9 ◦ N, 21.1 ◦ E) on March 1, 2006 • The design and set-up of a novel mini-DOAS instrument for aircraft applications Funding Funding comes through research contracts with European Community (EU-EVK2-CT-2000-00059 and 505390-GOCT-CT-2004), the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschungs (BMBF) through the DLR (DLR-50FE0017) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG PF384/3-1 and PF384/5-1). Cooperation within the institute and with groups outside the institute The research group closely cooperates with the following institutions as, for example, documented in joint peer-reviewed publications: 1. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG-I: Stratosphäre), Jülich, Germany 2. Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire pour l’Atmosphere et l’Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France 3. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA 4. Institute for Atmospheric Science – School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK 5. Meteorologisches Institut, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany 6. Service d’Aeronomie du CNRS, Verrieres le Buisson, France 7. Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Brussels, Belgium 8. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, USA 9. Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, J. W. Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany 10. European Space Agency (ESA), Nordwijk, Netherland 11. Institut für Umweltphysik und Fernerkundung, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany 12. Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambdrige, UK 13. Institut für Meteorologie und Klima (IMK), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Future work Future work will concentrate on (1) time-resolved measurements of stratospheric radicals, (2) the budget and trend of stratospheric bromine and iodine, (3) the photochemistry and transport of the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere, (4) improved measurements of the spectral solar irradiance with an emphasis on the UV-A and B, and (5) the validation of existing (ENVISAT/SCIAMCHY) and future satellite instruments (Metop/GOME-2 and IASI). Peer Reviewed Publications 1. Butz et al. [2006a] 2. Dorf et al. [2006a] 3. Dorf et al. [2006b] 4. Feng et al. [2006] 5. Frieler et al. [2006] 6. Sioris et al. [2006] 7. WMO [2006]
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3.1. SOIL PHYSICS 97 3.1.1 Unstable
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3.1. SOIL PHYSICS 99 3.1.3 Physical
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3.2. ICE AND CLIMATE 113 Weller, R.
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Bibliography 177
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180 CHAPTER 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY Butz, A
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182 CHAPTER 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY Leigh,
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184 CHAPTER 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY Wang, P
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186 CHAPTER 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY Kühl,
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7.3. PHD THESES 189 PhD Theses Boss
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7.5. INVITED TALKS 193 Invited Talk
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