UN World Investment Report 2010 - Office of Trade Negotiations

108
Table IV.1. Mitigation potential and TNC involvement in sectors of emission
Demand for low-carbon foreign investment
Low-carbon product/services
foreign investment
Low-carbon process foreign investment
Key mitigation technologies and
practices currently commercially
available c
(i.e. TNCs supplying products
and services to entities in sector)
(i.e. impacts on TNCs’ own operations or
their value chain)
Sectors of emission Sector definition b and relevant
emitting entities
Projected annual emissions in 2030
(GtCO e) 2 d
Mitigation potential in 2030 (GtCO e) 2 d
Additional annual investment needs
(over existing levels of investment in
these areas, in Euro billions) a
(examples)
(examples)
World Investment Report 2010: Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy
Power machinery and
infrastructure manufacturers
Energy Services Companies
(ESCOs)
Grid optimizing firms
Engineering / environmental
consulting firms
•
•
•
•
Input switching
• Use renewable/low-carbon energy
sources
Input reducing
• Increase efficiency of existing facilities
Enhanced recycling
• Capture heat for other uses
• CCS
Improved supply and distribution
efficiency; fuel switching from coal
to gas; nuclear power; renewable
heat and power (hydropower, solar,
wind, geothermal and bioenergy);
combined heat and power; early
applications of carbon capture and
storage (CCS) (e.g. storage of
removed CO from natural gas)
2
More efficient end-use electrical
equipment; heat and power
recovery; material recycling and
substitution; control of non-CO2 gas emissions; and a wide array of
process-specific technologies CCS
Sectors with TNCs playing a strong role as emitters
Direct emissions from the combustion
of fossil fuels or biomass for the
Power
production of electricity and heat.
18.7 GtCO
2
10 GtCO
2
Emitting entities: utilities; operators of
148 €
standalone power plants
Equipment manufacturers
Engineering / environmental
consulting firms
•
•
Input switching
• Source low-carbon energy
• More use of biomass
Input reducing
• Process improvements
• Increase efficiency of existing facilities
Enhanced recycling
• Reduce or eliminate flaring from oil and
gas production and refining
• CCS
Value chain – upstream
• Support to and influence on suppliers
Direct emissions from the combustion
of fossil fuels and industrial processes
(for example, from chemicals,
aluminum and cement), and indirect
emissions from electricity and heat
consumption.
Industry
29.1 GtCO 2
Emitting entities: all manufacturing and
heavy industry companies, including
petroleum & gas, cement, iron & steel,
and chemicals.
7.3 GtCO
2
113 €
Transportation equipment
manufacturers (car, air, rail
etc.)
Systems providers (e.g. mass
transit railways)
Biofuel producers
Engineering / environmental
consulting firms
•
•
•
•
Input switching
• Use biofuels
Input reducing
• Make use of more efficient vehicles,
planes etc.
• Make use of non-emitting vehicles
More fuel efficient vehicles; hybrid
vehicles; cleaner diesel vehicles;
biofuels; modal shifts from road
transport to rail and public transport
systems and reduced transport
needs (e.g. through telecommuting /
behavioural change); non-motorised
transport (cycling, walking); landuse
and transport planning
Sectors with emissions largely by consumers and public use
Direct emissions from the combustion
of fossil fuels for transportation
activities and services (air, rail etc.),
This sector does not include emissions
pertaining to the manufacture of motor
Transport
vehicles or other transport equipment,
11.4 GtCO which are included in the industry
2
3.2 GtCO sector.
2
300 €
Emitting entities: governments,
households (61 per cent of emissions
originate from passenger cars
and small commercial vehicles),
companies