Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...

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GENERAL REFERENCE E.L. Wolf, Nanophysics and Nanotechnology: An Introduction to Modern Concepts in Nanoscience. Wiley & Sons: New York, N.Y. (2004). 88
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Revolutionary Photovoltaic Devices: 50% Efficient Solar Cells ........... 91 Maximum Energy from Solar Photons at Low Cost: Designed Plastic Photovoltaic Structures....................................................... 101 Nanostructures for Solar Energy Conversion: Low Cost and High Efficiencies .................................................................................. 109 Fuels from Water and Sunlight: New Photoelectrodes for Efficient Photoelectrolysis .............................................................. 117 Leveraging Photosynthesis for Sustainable Solar Production of Biofuels ...................................................................................... 121 Using a Bio-inspired Smart Matrix to Optimize Energy Landscapes for Solar Fuels Production.............................................................. 127 Solar-powered Catalysts for Energy-rich Fuels Formation .................. 135 Bio-inspired Molecular Assemblies for Integrating Photon-to-fuels Pathways........................................................................................ 139 Achieving Defect-tolerant and Self-repairing Solar Conversion Systems ......................................................................................... 145 Solar Thermochemical Fuel Production............................................... 149 New Experimental and Theoretical Tools to Enable Transformational Research............................................................ 155 Solar Energy Conversion Materials by Design .................................... 161 Materials Architectures for Solar Energy: Assembling Complex Structures....................................................................................... 171 89
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On the Cover: One route to harvesti
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Revisions, September 2005 p ix, par
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CONTENTS (CONT.) Appendix 4: Additi
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OEC oxygen-evolving complex PCET pr
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viii
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thin films, organic semiconductors,
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genetic sequencing, protein product
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INTRODUCTION The supply and demand
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showing promise to overcome them. T
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GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES 7
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energy can be exploited on the need
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BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
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CONVERSION OF SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRI
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PHYSICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Inorg
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Figure 4 Learning curve for PV prod
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Needs of Direct-gap, Thin-film Phot
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Figure 6 Current record efficiencie
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devices. The molecules and material
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Figure 8 Structure for high-efficie
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One critical property of the photoa
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PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE CELLS
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BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
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information about the proteins that
Page 51 and 52: convert it into H2 and liquid fuels
Page 53 and 54: charge separation ensures highly ef
Page 55 and 56: Efficient Photo-initiated Charge Se
Page 57 and 58: artificial RCs, have proven to be i
Page 59 and 60: CATALYSTS FOR CO2 REDUCTION Photo-d
Page 61 and 62: Upon photoexcitation, the electron
Page 63 and 64: (5) determining the physical and ch
Page 65 and 66: following challenges must be met: (
Page 67 and 68: A.F. Heyduk and D.G. Nocera, “Hyd
Page 69: J. Seth, V. Palaniappan, R.W. Wagne
Page 72 and 73: THREE TYPES OF CONCENTRATED SOLAR
Page 74 and 75: Solar Thermal to Electric Energy Co
Page 76 and 77: Tm = mean temperature Z = measure o
Page 78 and 79: control and further diode developme
Page 80 and 81: An overview of solar thermochemical
Page 82 and 83: for electron and phonon band struct
Page 84 and 85: coefficient. The thermal conductivi
Page 86 and 87: J.J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joul
Page 89 and 90: CROSS-CUTTING RESEARCH CHALLENGES B
Page 91 and 92: ange of time and length scales span
Page 93 and 94: Research Issues Advances in the syn
Page 95 and 96: Advances across several science fro
Page 97 and 98: Figure 19 Transparent conductive el
Page 99 and 100: Carrier generation, relaxation, and
Page 101: E. Hutter and J.H. Fendler, “Expl
Page 106 and 107: RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Several paths e
Page 108 and 109: Multiple Energy Level Solar Cells I
Page 110 and 111: Strain Relaxation. Growth of layers
Page 112 and 113: the relevant elastic and inelastic
Page 114 and 115: A.J. Nozik, “Quantum Dot Solar Ce
Page 116 and 117: these new organic structures, and t
Page 118 and 119: Figure 30 Schematic diagram (right)
Page 120 and 121: carrier injection between the indiv
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Page 124 and 125: Figure 32 One important example of
Page 126 and 127: interface for charge separation. Fo
Page 128 and 129: • Light harvesting, • Advanced
Page 130 and 131: 116
Page 132 and 133: Multicomponent structures are often
Page 134 and 135: REFERENCES A.J. Bard and M.A. Fox,
Page 136 and 137: PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOFUEL PROD
Page 138 and 139: een made in identifying and charact
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Page 142 and 143: SUMMARY OF RESEARCH DIRECTION The k
Page 144 and 145: developing multi-electron catalytic
Page 146 and 147: coupling in multi-cofactor-containi
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Page 150 and 151: low toxicity, and processibility. T
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8 electrons) are extremely limited.
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largely unknown are the fundamental
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nanostructure design, and developme
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ealize an efficient artificial phot
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Figure 46 Defect-tolerant solar cel
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equired 20-30 years of operation to
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H2SO4 at 1,130K, and the University
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the sequestration step, these solar
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P. von Zedtwitz and A. Steinfeld,
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The continued advances in energy- a
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for the detailed understanding and
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160
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A shortcoming of this approach is t
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of ~2.4 at 300K and quantum-dot PbT
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High-throughput Experimental Screen
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Solar Concentrators and Hot Water H
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G. Chen, M.S. Dresselhaus, J.-P. Fl
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Materials and Processing Methods to
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materials and fabrication approache
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multi-electron H2O and CO2 activati
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178
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180
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and quantum dots. Quantum dots are
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Flux (mA/eV.cm2 Flux (mA/eV.cm ) 2
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Table 1 Worldwide PV Module Product
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Amorphous Silicon. From its discove
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Table 2 Are There Enough Materials
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passivating window and back-surface
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R.R. King, C.M. Fetzer, K.M. Edmond
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currently accounting for only a sma
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Anaerobic Digestion One gasificatio
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Electrolysis is the process for bre
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alkaline electrolyzers require a mi
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maintenance costs of the small prod
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P. Courty, P. Chaumette, and C. Rai
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212
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periods and extend the system opera
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When ηopt < 1, Equation (2) become
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Receiver & Power Conversion Unit So
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Figure 77 General concept of solar-
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Other areas whose development could
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THERMOPHOTOVOLTAICS Thermophotovolt
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N. Benz and Th. Kuckelkorn, “A Ne
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R.A. Sherif, H.L. Cotal, R.R. King,
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230
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Sub-panelists Edmond Amouyal, Centr
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Terry Tritt, Clemson University Joh
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Plenary Closing Session — Wednesd
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Panel 1C (Photoelectrochemistry)
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Agenda for Solar Fuels Breakout Ses
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Tuesday, April 19, 2005, 8:00 a.m.
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Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
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Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
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250
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R. Corkish, S. Kettemann, and J. Ne
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T. Polivka and V. Sundstrom, “Ult
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256
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microscopy, 81, 85, 101, 155-157, 1
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