Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...

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OEC oxygen-evolving complex PCET proton-coupled electron transfer PCM phase change storage material PEC photoelectrochemical PEM proton exchange membrane PRD priority research directions PSI photosystem I PSII photosystem II PV photovoltaic R&D research and development RC reaction center TCO transparent conducting oxide TMS theoretical modeling and simulation TPV thermophotovoltaic U.S. United States UV ultraviolet XAFS X-ray absorption fine-structure (spectroscopy) ZT thermoelectric figure <strong>of</strong> merit UNITS OF MEASURE °C degree(s) Celsius $/kW dollar(s) per kilowatt μm micrometer(s) μs microsecond(s) Å angstrom(s) amp ampere(s) Bbl billion barrels cm centimeter(s) cm/min centimeter(s) per minute eV electron volt(s) fs femtosecond(s) gal gallon(s) Gha gigahectare(s) GJ gigajoule(s) Gtons gigatons (10 9 tons = 1 billion tons) GW gigawatt(s) (10 9 W = 1 billion watts) kg kilogram(s) kWh kilowatt hour(s) kWth kilowatt(s) (thermal) vi
K Kelvin L liter(s) MHz megahertz mm millimeter(s) MW megawatt(s) (10 6 W = 1 million watts) MWe megawatt(s) (electric) MWth megawatt(s) (thermal) MW/yr megawatt(s) per year nm nanometer(s) nm/s nanometer(s) per second ps picosecond(s) psi pound(s) per square inch s second(s) TW terawatt(s) (10 12 W = 1 trillion watts) W watt(s) Wp peak watt(s) yr year(s) vii
Page 2 and 3: On the Cover: One route to harvesti
Page 4 and 5: Revisions, September 2005 p ix, par
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS (CONT.) Appendix 4: Additi
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: thin films, organic semiconductors,
Page 14 and 15: genetic sequencing, protein product
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION The supply and demand
Page 19 and 20: showing promise to overcome them. T
Page 21: GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES 7
Page 24 and 25: energy can be exploited on the need
Page 27 and 28: BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
Page 29 and 30: CONVERSION OF SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRI
Page 31 and 32: PHYSICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Inorg
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4 Learning curve for PV prod
Page 35 and 36: Needs of Direct-gap, Thin-film Phot
Page 37 and 38: Figure 6 Current record efficiencie
Page 39 and 40: devices. The molecules and material
Page 41 and 42: Figure 8 Structure for high-efficie
Page 43 and 44: One critical property of the photoa
Page 45 and 46: PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE CELLS
Page 47 and 48: BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
Page 49 and 50: information about the proteins that
Page 51 and 52: convert it into H2 and liquid fuels
Page 53 and 54: charge separation ensures highly ef
Page 55 and 56: Efficient Photo-initiated Charge Se
Page 57 and 58: artificial RCs, have proven to be i
Page 59 and 60:
CATALYSTS FOR CO2 REDUCTION Photo-d
Page 61 and 62:
Upon photoexcitation, the electron
Page 63 and 64:
(5) determining the physical and ch
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following challenges must be met: (
Page 67 and 68:
A.F. Heyduk and D.G. Nocera, “Hyd
Page 69:
J. Seth, V. Palaniappan, R.W. Wagne
Page 72 and 73:
THREE TYPES OF CONCENTRATED SOLAR
Page 74 and 75:
Solar Thermal to Electric Energy Co
Page 76 and 77:
Tm = mean temperature Z = measure o
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control and further diode developme
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An overview of solar thermochemical
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for electron and phonon band struct
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coefficient. The thermal conductivi
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J.J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joul
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CROSS-CUTTING RESEARCH CHALLENGES B
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ange of time and length scales span
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Research Issues Advances in the syn
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Advances across several science fro
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Figure 19 Transparent conductive el
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Carrier generation, relaxation, and
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E. Hutter and J.H. Fendler, “Expl
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Revolu
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RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Several paths e
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Multiple Energy Level Solar Cells I
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Strain Relaxation. Growth of layers
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the relevant elastic and inelastic
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A.J. Nozik, “Quantum Dot Solar Ce
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these new organic structures, and t
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Figure 30 Schematic diagram (right)
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carrier injection between the indiv
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108
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Figure 32 One important example of
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interface for charge separation. Fo
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• Light harvesting, • Advanced
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116
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Multicomponent structures are often
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REFERENCES A.J. Bard and M.A. Fox,
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PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOFUEL PROD
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een made in identifying and charact
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126
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SUMMARY OF RESEARCH DIRECTION The k
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developing multi-electron catalytic
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coupling in multi-cofactor-containi
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134
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low toxicity, and processibility. T
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8 electrons) are extremely limited.
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largely unknown are the fundamental
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nanostructure design, and developme
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ealize an efficient artificial phot
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Figure 46 Defect-tolerant solar cel
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equired 20-30 years of operation to
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H2SO4 at 1,130K, and the University
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the sequestration step, these solar
Page 168 and 169:
P. von Zedtwitz and A. Steinfeld,
Page 170 and 171:
The continued advances in energy- a
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for the detailed understanding and
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160
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A shortcoming of this approach is t
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of ~2.4 at 300K and quantum-dot PbT
Page 180 and 181:
High-throughput Experimental Screen
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Solar Concentrators and Hot Water H
Page 184 and 185:
G. Chen, M.S. Dresselhaus, J.-P. Fl
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Materials and Processing Methods to
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materials and fabrication approache
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multi-electron H2O and CO2 activati
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178
Page 194 and 195:
180
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and quantum dots. Quantum dots are
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184
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186
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Flux (mA/eV.cm2 Flux (mA/eV.cm ) 2
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Table 1 Worldwide PV Module Product
Page 206 and 207:
Amorphous Silicon. From its discove
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Table 2 Are There Enough Materials
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passivating window and back-surface
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R.R. King, C.M. Fetzer, K.M. Edmond
Page 214 and 215:
currently accounting for only a sma
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Anaerobic Digestion One gasificatio
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Electrolysis is the process for bre
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alkaline electrolyzers require a mi
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maintenance costs of the small prod
Page 224 and 225:
P. Courty, P. Chaumette, and C. Rai
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212
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periods and extend the system opera
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When ηopt < 1, Equation (2) become
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Receiver & Power Conversion Unit So
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Figure 77 General concept of solar-
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Other areas whose development could
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THERMOPHOTOVOLTAICS Thermophotovolt
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N. Benz and Th. Kuckelkorn, “A Ne
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R.A. Sherif, H.L. Cotal, R.R. King,
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230
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Sub-panelists Edmond Amouyal, Centr
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Terry Tritt, Clemson University Joh
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236
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Plenary Closing Session — Wednesd
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Panel 1C (Photoelectrochemistry)
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Agenda for Solar Fuels Breakout Ses
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Tuesday, April 19, 2005, 8:00 a.m.
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Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
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Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
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250
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R. Corkish, S. Kettemann, and J. Ne
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T. Polivka and V. Sundstrom, “Ult
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256
Page 272 and 273:
258
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microscopy, 81, 85, 101, 155-157, 1
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