Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

R.R. King, C.M. Fetzer, K.M. Edmondson, D.C. Law, P.C. Coulter, H.L. Cotal, R.A. Sherif, H. Yoon, D.D. Krut, G.S. Kinsey, J.H. Ermer, S. Kurtz, T. Moriarty, J. Kiehl, K. Emery, W. Metzger, R.K. Ahrenkiel, and N.H. Karam, in Proc. 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., June 7–11, 2004 (to be published). W.P. Mulligan, D.H. Rose, M.J. Cudzinovic, D.M. De Ceuster, K.R. McIntosh, D.D. Smith, and R.M. Swanson, in Proc. 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., June 7–11, 2004 (to be published). B. O’Regan and M. Grätzel, “A Low-cost, High-efficiency Solar Cell Based on Dye-sensitized Colloidal TiO2 Films,” Nature 353, 737 (1991). PV News, P.D. Maycock (Ed.), PV Energy Systems, Warrenton, Va. T. Surek, “Crystal Growth and Materials Research in Photovoltaics: Progress and Challenges,” J. Crystal Growth 275, 292–304 (2005). M. Symko-Davies, in Proc. 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., June 7–11, 2004 (to be published). M. Tanaka, S. Okamoto, S. Tsuge, and S. Kiyama, in Proc. 3rd World Conf. Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, May 11–18, 2003, Paper No. 4O-D10-01 (IEEE Catalog Number 03CH37497). 198
SOLAR FUELS There are currently two solar fuels technologies in use for which performance and economic assessments are possible. These are biomass-derived fuels and hydrogen produced by electrolysis. In the latter case, electricity is derived principally from fossil fuel sources, which ultimately derive from biomass as well. The state of biomass-derived fuel production is reviewed in the first part of this assessment, while the second portion describes the state of the research effort to produce hydrogen fuel using electrolysis. BIOMASS-DERIVED FUELS Biomass is the oldest form of solar energy to be used by humanity. Until about 1800, biomass was the predominant fuel used for heating, metallurgy, lighting, and transportation (as animal fodder), as well as supplying materials needs in the form of timber and fiber and, of course, as food for human sustenance. The energy use of biomass is primarily from the 14.9-Gha terrestrial surface of the Earth, of which only 56% is productive terrain with forests, savannas, prairies, and arable land. The current biomass primary energy (bioenergy) supply is about 11% of the total energy demand of 13.3 TW (IEA 2004), or 1.4 TW. Human food intake for metabolic needs is around half that at about 0.65 TW. The industrial country use pattern is for heat and electricity (very often in combined heat and power [CHP]) using mainly solid biomass, along with a growing use of liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel produced from crops (Chum and Overend 2003). The capture of methane from environmental technologies, such as anaerobic digestion, is also widely practiced (Schulz and Eder 2001). The developing country pattern is more artisanal and inefficient; biomass is often used as fuelwood in cook stoves and to provide energy in small-scale industries (tea-drying, brick kilns, charcoal manufacture, etc.) The major development areas for biomass-to-fuels are concerned with the production of liquid fuels such as ethanol; electricity and co-produced heat; gaseous fuels such as methane, fuel gas, and syngas; and in the future, hydrogen. The United States has a major program to develop processes that co-produce energy and higher value products, such as biorefineries (DOE 2003). The large scale of the biomass and bioenergy supply chain is set in a framework of constraints with respect to the environment, food and fiber supply, and sustainability. Most of the biomass used in industrial countries is part of a cascade of use, reuse, and recycling of biomass materials with post-consumer residues being very important, along with the use of residues generated on farms, in the forest, and in the industries that process biomass. However, crops for energy are of growing importance as sugar cane (Goldemberg et al. 2004), cereals (Bullion 2004), and oilseeds (Martini and Schell 1998) become significant inputs to the expanding liquid biofuels markets. These tend to be the most expensive biomass resources, 199
Page 2 and 3:
On the Cover: One route to harvesti
Page 4 and 5:
Revisions, September 2005 p ix, par
Page 6 and 7:
CONTENTS (CONT.) Appendix 4: Additi
Page 8 and 9:
OEC oxygen-evolving complex PCET pr
Page 10 and 11:
viii
Page 12 and 13:
thin films, organic semiconductors,
Page 14 and 15:
genetic sequencing, protein product
Page 17 and 18:
INTRODUCTION The supply and demand
Page 19 and 20:
showing promise to overcome them. T
Page 21:
GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES 7
Page 24 and 25:
energy can be exploited on the need
Page 27 and 28:
BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
Page 29 and 30:
CONVERSION OF SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRI
Page 31 and 32:
PHYSICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Inorg
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 4 Learning curve for PV prod
Page 35 and 36:
Needs of Direct-gap, Thin-film Phot
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 6 Current record efficiencie
Page 39 and 40:
devices. The molecules and material
Page 41 and 42:
Figure 8 Structure for high-efficie
Page 43 and 44:
One critical property of the photoa
Page 45 and 46:
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE CELLS
Page 47 and 48:
BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
Page 49 and 50:
information about the proteins that
Page 51 and 52:
convert it into H2 and liquid fuels
Page 53 and 54:
charge separation ensures highly ef
Page 55 and 56:
Efficient Photo-initiated Charge Se
Page 57 and 58:
artificial RCs, have proven to be i
Page 59 and 60:
CATALYSTS FOR CO2 REDUCTION Photo-d
Page 61 and 62:
Upon photoexcitation, the electron
Page 63 and 64:
(5) determining the physical and ch
Page 65 and 66:
following challenges must be met: (
Page 67 and 68:
A.F. Heyduk and D.G. Nocera, “Hyd
Page 69:
J. Seth, V. Palaniappan, R.W. Wagne
Page 72 and 73:
THREE TYPES OF CONCENTRATED SOLAR
Page 74 and 75:
Solar Thermal to Electric Energy Co
Page 76 and 77:
Tm = mean temperature Z = measure o
Page 78 and 79:
control and further diode developme
Page 80 and 81:
An overview of solar thermochemical
Page 82 and 83:
for electron and phonon band struct
Page 84 and 85:
coefficient. The thermal conductivi
Page 86 and 87:
J.J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joul
Page 89 and 90:
CROSS-CUTTING RESEARCH CHALLENGES B
Page 91 and 92:
ange of time and length scales span
Page 93 and 94:
Research Issues Advances in the syn
Page 95 and 96:
Advances across several science fro
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 19 Transparent conductive el
Page 99 and 100:
Carrier generation, relaxation, and
Page 101 and 102:
E. Hutter and J.H. Fendler, “Expl
Page 103:
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Revolu
Page 106 and 107:
RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Several paths e
Page 108 and 109:
Multiple Energy Level Solar Cells I
Page 110 and 111:
Strain Relaxation. Growth of layers
Page 112 and 113:
the relevant elastic and inelastic
Page 114 and 115:
A.J. Nozik, “Quantum Dot Solar Ce
Page 116 and 117:
these new organic structures, and t
Page 118 and 119:
Figure 30 Schematic diagram (right)
Page 120 and 121:
carrier injection between the indiv
Page 122 and 123:
108
Page 124 and 125:
Figure 32 One important example of
Page 126 and 127:
interface for charge separation. Fo
Page 128 and 129:
• Light harvesting, • Advanced
Page 130 and 131:
116
Page 132 and 133:
Multicomponent structures are often
Page 134 and 135:
REFERENCES A.J. Bard and M.A. Fox,
Page 136 and 137:
PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOFUEL PROD
Page 138 and 139:
een made in identifying and charact
Page 140 and 141:
126
Page 142 and 143:
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH DIRECTION The k
Page 144 and 145:
developing multi-electron catalytic
Page 146 and 147:
coupling in multi-cofactor-containi
Page 148 and 149:
134
Page 150 and 151:
low toxicity, and processibility. T
Page 152 and 153:
8 electrons) are extremely limited.
Page 154 and 155:
largely unknown are the fundamental
Page 156 and 157:
nanostructure design, and developme
Page 158 and 159:
ealize an efficient artificial phot
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 46 Defect-tolerant solar cel
Page 162 and 163: equired 20-30 years of operation to
Page 164 and 165: H2SO4 at 1,130K, and the University
Page 166 and 167: the sequestration step, these solar
Page 168 and 169: P. von Zedtwitz and A. Steinfeld,
Page 170 and 171: The continued advances in energy- a
Page 172 and 173: for the detailed understanding and
Page 174 and 175: 160
Page 176 and 177: A shortcoming of this approach is t
Page 178 and 179: of ~2.4 at 300K and quantum-dot PbT
Page 180 and 181: High-throughput Experimental Screen
Page 182 and 183: Solar Concentrators and Hot Water H
Page 184 and 185: G. Chen, M.S. Dresselhaus, J.-P. Fl
Page 186 and 187: Materials and Processing Methods to
Page 188 and 189: materials and fabrication approache
Page 190 and 191: multi-electron H2O and CO2 activati
Page 192 and 193: 178
Page 194 and 195: 180
Page 196 and 197: and quantum dots. Quantum dots are
Page 198 and 199: 184
Page 200 and 201: 186
Page 202 and 203: Flux (mA/eV.cm2 Flux (mA/eV.cm ) 2
Page 204 and 205: Table 1 Worldwide PV Module Product
Page 206 and 207: Amorphous Silicon. From its discove
Page 208 and 209: Table 2 Are There Enough Materials
Page 210 and 211: passivating window and back-surface
Page 214 and 215: currently accounting for only a sma
Page 216 and 217: Anaerobic Digestion One gasificatio
Page 218 and 219: Electrolysis is the process for bre
Page 220 and 221: alkaline electrolyzers require a mi
Page 222 and 223: maintenance costs of the small prod
Page 224 and 225: P. Courty, P. Chaumette, and C. Rai
Page 226 and 227: 212
Page 228 and 229: periods and extend the system opera
Page 230 and 231: When ηopt < 1, Equation (2) become
Page 232 and 233: Receiver & Power Conversion Unit So
Page 234 and 235: Figure 77 General concept of solar-
Page 236 and 237: Other areas whose development could
Page 238 and 239: THERMOPHOTOVOLTAICS Thermophotovolt
Page 240 and 241: N. Benz and Th. Kuckelkorn, “A Ne
Page 242 and 243: R.A. Sherif, H.L. Cotal, R.R. King,
Page 244 and 245: 230
Page 246 and 247: Sub-panelists Edmond Amouyal, Centr
Page 248 and 249: Terry Tritt, Clemson University Joh
Page 250 and 251: 236
Page 252 and 253: Plenary Closing Session — Wednesd
Page 254 and 255: Panel 1C (Photoelectrochemistry)
Page 256 and 257: Agenda for Solar Fuels Breakout Ses
Page 258 and 259: Tuesday, April 19, 2005, 8:00 a.m.
Page 260 and 261: Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
Page 262 and 263:
Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
Page 264 and 265:
250
Page 266 and 267:
R. Corkish, S. Kettemann, and J. Ne
Page 268 and 269:
T. Polivka and V. Sundstrom, “Ult
Page 270 and 271:
256
Page 272 and 273:
258
Page 274 and 275:
microscopy, 81, 85, 101, 155-157, 1
show all

Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?