Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...
Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...
Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...
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While these essential features <strong>of</strong> catalyst design are widely recognized, the fundamental<br />
knowledge base needed to control the steps following electron transfer is almost completely<br />
lacking.<br />
NEW SCIENTIFIC OPPORTUNITIES<br />
Mechanisms <strong>of</strong> Complex, Coupled Reactions <strong>for</strong> the <strong>Solar</strong> Production <strong>of</strong> Fuels. It is<br />
evident from the very limited number <strong>of</strong> active non-biological catalysts discovered that reactions<br />
essential to solar production <strong>of</strong> fuels are exceedingly complex and require precise control <strong>of</strong><br />
molecular events. Structures that promote the coupling <strong>of</strong> productive reactions and suppress<br />
those that are unproductive must be developed and refined. Mechanistic studies are there<strong>for</strong>e<br />
essential to the rational design <strong>of</strong> advanced catalytic systems. This understanding can be<br />
achieved by the isolation and structural/dynamical identification <strong>of</strong> reaction intermediates using<br />
a combination <strong>of</strong> techniques ranging from classical spectroscopic, electrochemical and magnetic<br />
analysis to transient spectroscopy and mass spectrometric/dynamical analyses using isotopic<br />
labeling. One example <strong>of</strong> the power <strong>of</strong> combining these diverse techniques is the level <strong>of</strong><br />
understanding recently achieved in the catalytic conversion <strong>of</strong> H2O to O2 catalyzed by binuclear<br />
ruthenium μ-oxo complexes.<br />
Excited-state Bond Making and Breaking Processes. Photochemical bond breaking and<br />
bond making reactions <strong>of</strong> many inorganic and organometallic compounds can directly lead to<br />
end products in fuel production, including hydrogen from water and carbon dioxide reduction<br />
products. Light-induced reactions are <strong>of</strong> interest because they can provide reaction paths that are<br />
not accessible to ground states. The fundamental principles <strong>for</strong> developing new photosystems <strong>for</strong><br />
product <strong>for</strong>mation exist <strong>for</strong> photo-driven inorganic and organometallic substances. <strong>Research</strong> is<br />
needed to optimize photoreaction quantum yields. To accomplish this, a better understanding <strong>of</strong><br />
excited-state decay pathways in promising complexes is needed in order to channel excitation<br />
energy into the fuel-producing reaction paths. These ef<strong>for</strong>ts can be enhanced by the development<br />
<strong>of</strong> more accurate excited-state electronic structure calculations.<br />
Theoretical and Experimental Studies <strong>of</strong> Rates and Mechanisms <strong>of</strong> Multielectron/atom<br />
Transfer Reactions. There is a need <strong>for</strong> a systematic theory <strong>of</strong> atom and ion transfer, which is<br />
analogous to the Marcus theory <strong>of</strong> electron transfer. This theory will emanate from and be tested<br />
by systematic kinetics studies. In addition, mechanisms must be understood and developed <strong>for</strong><br />
redox leveling (as occurs in biological systems) as well as <strong>for</strong> coupling single and multiple<br />
electron transfer reactions. A critical aspect <strong>of</strong> this development is the design <strong>of</strong> robust ligand<br />
systems <strong>for</strong> sustained multiequivalent chemistry.<br />
Proton-coupled Electron Transfer Reactions Including H Atom and Hydride Transfers.<br />
Photochemical H2O and CO2 reduction to fuels poses scientific challenges including protoncoupled<br />
multielectron transfer processes. For example, a number <strong>of</strong> photosynthetic systems show<br />
promise in the photoreduction <strong>of</strong> CO2 to CO and/or <strong>for</strong>mate, however, systems that demonstrate<br />
the trans<strong>for</strong>mation to methanol (with 6 protons and 6 electrons) or methane (with 8 protons and<br />
137