Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...

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energy can be exploited on the needed scale to meet global energy demand in a carbon-neutral fashion without significantly affecting the solar resource. Solar energy is diffuse and intermittent, so effective storage and distribution are critical to matching supply with demand. The solar resource has been well established, and the mean yearly insolation values are well documented. At a typical latitude for the United States, a net 10% efficient solar energy “farm” covering 1.6% of the U.S. land area would meet the country’s entire domestic energy needs; indeed, just 0.16% of the land on Earth would supply 20 TW of power globally. For calibration purposes, the required U.S. land area is about 10 times the area of all single-family residential rooftops and is comparable with the land area covered by the nation’s federally numbered highways. The amount of energy produced by covering 0.16% of the Earth’s land area with 10% efficient solar cells is equal to that produced by 20,000 1-GWe nuclear fission plants. This many plants would need to be constructed to meet global demands for carbon-neutral energy in the second half of the 21st century if carbon sequestration were to prove technically nonviable and if solar energy were not developed. 10
REPORTS OF THE PANELS ON BASIC RESEARCH NEEDS FOR SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION Basic Research Challenges for Solar Electricity.................................. 13 Basic Research Challenges for Solar Fuels ........................................ 33 Basic Research Challenges for Solar Thermal Utilization ................... 57 Cross-cutting Research Challenges .................................................... 75 11
Page 2 and 3: On the Cover: One route to harvesti
Page 4 and 5: Revisions, September 2005 p ix, par
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS (CONT.) Appendix 4: Additi
Page 8 and 9: OEC oxygen-evolving complex PCET pr
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: thin films, organic semiconductors,
Page 14 and 15: genetic sequencing, protein product
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION The supply and demand
Page 19 and 20: showing promise to overcome them. T
Page 21: GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES 7
Page 27 and 28: BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
Page 29 and 30: CONVERSION OF SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRI
Page 31 and 32: PHYSICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Inorg
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4 Learning curve for PV prod
Page 35 and 36: Needs of Direct-gap, Thin-film Phot
Page 37 and 38: Figure 6 Current record efficiencie
Page 39 and 40: devices. The molecules and material
Page 41 and 42: Figure 8 Structure for high-efficie
Page 43 and 44: One critical property of the photoa
Page 45 and 46: PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE CELLS
Page 47 and 48: BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
Page 49 and 50: information about the proteins that
Page 51 and 52: convert it into H2 and liquid fuels
Page 53 and 54: charge separation ensures highly ef
Page 55 and 56: Efficient Photo-initiated Charge Se
Page 57 and 58: artificial RCs, have proven to be i
Page 59 and 60: CATALYSTS FOR CO2 REDUCTION Photo-d
Page 61 and 62: Upon photoexcitation, the electron
Page 63 and 64: (5) determining the physical and ch
Page 65 and 66: following challenges must be met: (
Page 67 and 68: A.F. Heyduk and D.G. Nocera, “Hyd
Page 69: J. Seth, V. Palaniappan, R.W. Wagne
Page 72 and 73: THREE TYPES OF CONCENTRATED SOLAR
Page 74 and 75:
Solar Thermal to Electric Energy Co
Page 76 and 77:
Tm = mean temperature Z = measure o
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control and further diode developme
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An overview of solar thermochemical
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for electron and phonon band struct
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coefficient. The thermal conductivi
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J.J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joul
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CROSS-CUTTING RESEARCH CHALLENGES B
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ange of time and length scales span
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Research Issues Advances in the syn
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Advances across several science fro
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Figure 19 Transparent conductive el
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Carrier generation, relaxation, and
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E. Hutter and J.H. Fendler, “Expl
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Revolu
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RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Several paths e
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Multiple Energy Level Solar Cells I
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Strain Relaxation. Growth of layers
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the relevant elastic and inelastic
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A.J. Nozik, “Quantum Dot Solar Ce
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these new organic structures, and t
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Figure 30 Schematic diagram (right)
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carrier injection between the indiv
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108
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Figure 32 One important example of
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interface for charge separation. Fo
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• Light harvesting, • Advanced
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116
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Multicomponent structures are often
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REFERENCES A.J. Bard and M.A. Fox,
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PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOFUEL PROD
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een made in identifying and charact
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126
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SUMMARY OF RESEARCH DIRECTION The k
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developing multi-electron catalytic
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coupling in multi-cofactor-containi
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134
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low toxicity, and processibility. T
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8 electrons) are extremely limited.
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largely unknown are the fundamental
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nanostructure design, and developme
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ealize an efficient artificial phot
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Figure 46 Defect-tolerant solar cel
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equired 20-30 years of operation to
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H2SO4 at 1,130K, and the University
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the sequestration step, these solar
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P. von Zedtwitz and A. Steinfeld,
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The continued advances in energy- a
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for the detailed understanding and
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160
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A shortcoming of this approach is t
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of ~2.4 at 300K and quantum-dot PbT
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High-throughput Experimental Screen
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Solar Concentrators and Hot Water H
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G. Chen, M.S. Dresselhaus, J.-P. Fl
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Materials and Processing Methods to
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materials and fabrication approache
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multi-electron H2O and CO2 activati
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178
Page 194 and 195:
180
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and quantum dots. Quantum dots are
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184
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186
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Flux (mA/eV.cm2 Flux (mA/eV.cm ) 2
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Table 1 Worldwide PV Module Product
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Amorphous Silicon. From its discove
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Table 2 Are There Enough Materials
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passivating window and back-surface
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R.R. King, C.M. Fetzer, K.M. Edmond
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currently accounting for only a sma
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Anaerobic Digestion One gasificatio
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Electrolysis is the process for bre
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alkaline electrolyzers require a mi
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maintenance costs of the small prod
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P. Courty, P. Chaumette, and C. Rai
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212
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periods and extend the system opera
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When ηopt < 1, Equation (2) become
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Receiver & Power Conversion Unit So
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Figure 77 General concept of solar-
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Other areas whose development could
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THERMOPHOTOVOLTAICS Thermophotovolt
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N. Benz and Th. Kuckelkorn, “A Ne
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R.A. Sherif, H.L. Cotal, R.R. King,
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230
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Sub-panelists Edmond Amouyal, Centr
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Terry Tritt, Clemson University Joh
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236
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Plenary Closing Session — Wednesd
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Panel 1C (Photoelectrochemistry)
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Agenda for Solar Fuels Breakout Ses
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Tuesday, April 19, 2005, 8:00 a.m.
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Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
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Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
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250
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R. Corkish, S. Kettemann, and J. Ne
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T. Polivka and V. Sundstrom, “Ult
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256
Page 272 and 273:
258
Page 274 and 275:
microscopy, 81, 85, 101, 155-157, 1
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