Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...
Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...
Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...
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<strong>of</strong> high-value chemicals. Modern molecular techniques will enable improvements in existing<br />
biocatalysts. <strong>Research</strong> is needed to identify and maximize the function <strong>of</strong> genes and gene<br />
products identified through initiatives such as the Genomes to Life Program. Through metabolic<br />
modeling and genetic engineering, it will be possible to predict how to engineer the microbial<br />
metabolism, in particular that <strong>of</strong> photoautotrophs, <strong>for</strong> dramatic improvements in bi<strong>of</strong>uels<br />
production (e.g., to enhance reductant delivery <strong>for</strong> biohydrogen production). With regard to<br />
gaseous bi<strong>of</strong>uel production, the production <strong>of</strong> hydrogen in the biosphere is a very common<br />
phenomenon.<br />
NEW SCIENTIFIC OPPORTUNITIES<br />
Plant Productivity and Bi<strong>of</strong>uel Production<br />
To maximize efficient bi<strong>of</strong>uel production, we need a deeper understanding <strong>of</strong> the control <strong>of</strong><br />
carbon assimilatory processes at the biochemical, genetic, and molecular levels in plants and<br />
microbes. Maximum CO2 fixation efficiency is directly linked to the energetics <strong>of</strong> the cell, and<br />
recent findings indicate that carbon assimilatory processes in bacteria are tied to control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
central pathways <strong>of</strong> nitrogen fixation, hydrogen production, and energy transduction. The<br />
photosynthetic efficiency <strong>of</strong> plants in converting solar energy into bi<strong>of</strong>uel feedstocks is<br />
controlled not only by the intrinsic efficiency <strong>of</strong> photosynthesis but also by intricate genetic<br />
controls that determine plant <strong>for</strong>m, growth rate, organic composition, and ultimate size. Thus,<br />
while the primary solar energy conversion efficiency <strong>of</strong> photosynthesis is as high as 5–10%<br />
under optimal conditions, the overall rate <strong>of</strong> photosynthetic CO2 fixation is constrained by “sink<br />
limitations” — biological control mechanisms that limit the conversion <strong>of</strong> energy from<br />
photosynthetic electron transport into chemical storage. To improve the efficiency <strong>of</strong> solar<br />
energy conversion into bi<strong>of</strong>uel feedstocks, it is critical to develop an in-depth understanding <strong>of</strong><br />
the genetic controls <strong>of</strong> sink capacity and plant growth. Detailed knowledge <strong>of</strong> these mechanisms<br />
will be required to optimize solar interception, increase plant size, sustain storage capacity<br />
throughout the bi<strong>of</strong>uel crop life cycle, and tailor the composition <strong>of</strong> bi<strong>of</strong>uels <strong>for</strong> specific<br />
purposes.<br />
CELL WALL BIOSYNTHESIS AND BIOFUEL PRODUCTION<br />
Lignocellulose can be utilized <strong>for</strong> energy production in a variety <strong>of</strong> ways ranging from<br />
combustion to fermentation-based alcohol production. We need to understand how the chemical<br />
composition <strong>of</strong> cell walls impacts the efficiency <strong>of</strong> the various conversion technologies. In<br />
particular, there is a promising opportunity to modify the cell walls <strong>of</strong> biomass crops <strong>for</strong><br />
production <strong>of</strong> liquid fuels by replacement <strong>of</strong> poorly utilized components, such as lignin, with<br />
structural polysaccharides. There are also important opportunities to improve the properties <strong>of</strong><br />
the enzymes that degrade cell walls to fermentable sugars. Most fungi and some bacteria secrete<br />
a battery <strong>of</strong> enzymes that degrade polysaccharides and lignin to monomers that can be utilized as<br />
substrates <strong>for</strong> microbial growth. Additionally, cellulolytic micr<strong>of</strong>lora found in the rumen utilize a<br />
“cellulosomal” enzyme system comprised <strong>of</strong> complex scaffolds <strong>of</strong> structural proteins, which<br />
assemble outside <strong>of</strong> the cell and organize enzymatic subunits capable <strong>of</strong> hydrolyzing cellulose,<br />
hemicellulose, and other cell wall polysaccharides with high efficiency. Substantial progress has<br />
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