Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization - Office of ...

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Revisions, September 2005 p ix, paragraph 3: Yet, in 2001, solar electricity provided less than 0.1% of the world's electricity, and solar fuel from modern (sustainable) biomass provided less than 1.5% of the world's energy. p 9, paragraph 4: The required fuel would then have to be mined from seawater (requiring processing seawater at a rate equivalent to more than 1,000 Niagara Falls), or else breeder reactor technology would have to be developed and disseminated to countries wishing to meet their additional energy demand in this way. p 10, paragraph 1: The amount of energy produced by covering 0.16% of the Earth’s land area with 10% efficient solar cells is equal to that produced by 20,000 1-GWe nuclear fission plants. This many plants would need to be constructed to meet global demands for carbon-neutral energy in the second half of the 21st century if carbon sequestration were to prove technically nonviable and if solar energy were not developed. ii
CONTENTS Notation................................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary................................................................................................................ ix Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 Global Energy Resources........................................................................................................ 7 Reports of the Panels on Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization ....................... 11 Basic Research Challenges for Solar Electricity ........................................................ 13 Basic Research Challenges for Solar Fuels ................................................................ 33 Basic Research Challenges for Solar Thermal Utilization ......................................... 57 Cross-cutting Research Challenges............................................................................. 75 Priority Research Directions................................................................................................... 89 Revolutionary Photovoltaic Devices: 50% Efficient Solar Cells ............................... 91 Maximum Energy from Solar Photons at Low Cost: Designed Plastic Photovoltaic Structures ......................................................................................... 101 Nanostructures for Solar Energy Conversion: Low Cost and High Efficiencies........ 109 Fuels from Water and Sunlight: New Photoelectrodes for Efficient Photoelectrolysis.................................................................................... 117 Leveraging Photosynthesis for Sustainable Solar Production of Biofuels ................. 121 Using a Bio-inspired Smart Matrix to Optimize Energy Landscapes for Solar Fuels Production.......................................................................................... 127 Solar-powered Catalysts for Energy-rich Fuels Formation ........................................ 135 Bio-inspired Molecular Assemblies for Integrating Photon-to-fuels Pathways ......... 139 Achieving Defect-tolerant and Self-repairing Solar Conversion Systems ................. 145 Solar Thermochemical Fuel Production ..................................................................... 149 New Experimental and Theoretical Tools to Enable Transformational Research...... 155 Solar Energy Conversion Materials by Design........................................................... 161 Materials Architectures for Solar Energy: Assembling Complex Structures ............. 171 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 179 Appendix 1: Technology Assessments ................................................................................... 185 Solar Electricity .......................................................................................................... 187 Solar Fuels .................................................................................................................. 199 Solar Thermal and Thermoelectrics............................................................................ 213 Appendix 2: Workshop Participants ....................................................................................... 229 Appendix 3: Workshop Program ............................................................................................ 235 iii
Page 2 and 3: On the Cover: One route to harvesti
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS (CONT.) Appendix 4: Additi
Page 8 and 9: OEC oxygen-evolving complex PCET pr
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: thin films, organic semiconductors,
Page 14 and 15: genetic sequencing, protein product
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION The supply and demand
Page 19 and 20: showing promise to overcome them. T
Page 21: GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES 7
Page 24 and 25: energy can be exploited on the need
Page 27 and 28: BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
Page 29 and 30: CONVERSION OF SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRI
Page 31 and 32: PHYSICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Inorg
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4 Learning curve for PV prod
Page 35 and 36: Needs of Direct-gap, Thin-film Phot
Page 37 and 38: Figure 6 Current record efficiencie
Page 39 and 40: devices. The molecules and material
Page 41 and 42: Figure 8 Structure for high-efficie
Page 43 and 44: One critical property of the photoa
Page 45 and 46: PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE CELLS
Page 47 and 48: BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
Page 49 and 50: information about the proteins that
Page 51 and 52: convert it into H2 and liquid fuels
Page 53 and 54: charge separation ensures highly ef
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Efficient Photo-initiated Charge Se
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artificial RCs, have proven to be i
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CATALYSTS FOR CO2 REDUCTION Photo-d
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Upon photoexcitation, the electron
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(5) determining the physical and ch
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following challenges must be met: (
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A.F. Heyduk and D.G. Nocera, “Hyd
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J. Seth, V. Palaniappan, R.W. Wagne
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THREE TYPES OF CONCENTRATED SOLAR
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Solar Thermal to Electric Energy Co
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Tm = mean temperature Z = measure o
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control and further diode developme
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An overview of solar thermochemical
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for electron and phonon band struct
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coefficient. The thermal conductivi
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J.J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joul
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CROSS-CUTTING RESEARCH CHALLENGES B
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ange of time and length scales span
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Research Issues Advances in the syn
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Advances across several science fro
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Figure 19 Transparent conductive el
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Carrier generation, relaxation, and
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E. Hutter and J.H. Fendler, “Expl
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Revolu
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RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Several paths e
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Multiple Energy Level Solar Cells I
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Strain Relaxation. Growth of layers
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the relevant elastic and inelastic
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A.J. Nozik, “Quantum Dot Solar Ce
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these new organic structures, and t
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Figure 30 Schematic diagram (right)
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carrier injection between the indiv
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108
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Figure 32 One important example of
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interface for charge separation. Fo
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• Light harvesting, • Advanced
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116
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Multicomponent structures are often
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REFERENCES A.J. Bard and M.A. Fox,
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PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOFUEL PROD
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een made in identifying and charact
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126
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SUMMARY OF RESEARCH DIRECTION The k
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developing multi-electron catalytic
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coupling in multi-cofactor-containi
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134
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low toxicity, and processibility. T
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8 electrons) are extremely limited.
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largely unknown are the fundamental
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nanostructure design, and developme
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ealize an efficient artificial phot
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Figure 46 Defect-tolerant solar cel
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equired 20-30 years of operation to
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H2SO4 at 1,130K, and the University
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the sequestration step, these solar
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P. von Zedtwitz and A. Steinfeld,
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The continued advances in energy- a
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for the detailed understanding and
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160
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A shortcoming of this approach is t
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of ~2.4 at 300K and quantum-dot PbT
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High-throughput Experimental Screen
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Solar Concentrators and Hot Water H
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G. Chen, M.S. Dresselhaus, J.-P. Fl
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Materials and Processing Methods to
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materials and fabrication approache
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multi-electron H2O and CO2 activati
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178
Page 194 and 195:
180
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and quantum dots. Quantum dots are
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184
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186
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Flux (mA/eV.cm2 Flux (mA/eV.cm ) 2
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Table 1 Worldwide PV Module Product
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Amorphous Silicon. From its discove
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Table 2 Are There Enough Materials
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passivating window and back-surface
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R.R. King, C.M. Fetzer, K.M. Edmond
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currently accounting for only a sma
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Anaerobic Digestion One gasificatio
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Electrolysis is the process for bre
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alkaline electrolyzers require a mi
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maintenance costs of the small prod
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P. Courty, P. Chaumette, and C. Rai
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212
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periods and extend the system opera
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When ηopt < 1, Equation (2) become
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Receiver & Power Conversion Unit So
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Figure 77 General concept of solar-
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Other areas whose development could
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THERMOPHOTOVOLTAICS Thermophotovolt
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N. Benz and Th. Kuckelkorn, “A Ne
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R.A. Sherif, H.L. Cotal, R.R. King,
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230
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Sub-panelists Edmond Amouyal, Centr
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Terry Tritt, Clemson University Joh
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236
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Plenary Closing Session — Wednesd
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Panel 1C (Photoelectrochemistry)
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Agenda for Solar Fuels Breakout Ses
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Tuesday, April 19, 2005, 8:00 a.m.
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Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
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Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
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250
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R. Corkish, S. Kettemann, and J. Ne
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T. Polivka and V. Sundstrom, “Ult
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256
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258
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microscopy, 81, 85, 101, 155-157, 1
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