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P. Courty, P. Chaumette, and C. Raimbault, “Synthetic or Reformulated Fuels: a Challenge for Catalysis,” Oil & Gas Science and Technology (Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole), 54(3), 357–363 (1999). U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Biomass Program, Biomass Program Multi-Year Technical Plan, Washington, D.C. (2003). Available at http://devafdc.nrel.gov/biogeneral/ Program_Review/MYTP.pdf. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy, Report on the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Use, May 13–15, 2003, Washington, D.C. (2004); available at http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.pdf. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Renewable Energy Annual 1999, Washington, D.C., 117 (2000). FAOSTAT, FAOSTAT Statistical Database, Food and Agriculture, Rome, Italy: Organization of the United Nations (2001). G. Fischer, S. Prieler, and H. van Velthuizen, “Biomass Potentials of Miscanthus, Willow and Poplar: Results and Policy Implications for Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asia,” Biomass and Bioenergy 28(2), 119–132 (2005). J. Goldemberg et al., “Ethanol Learning Curve — the Brazilian Experience,” Biomass and Bioenergy 26(3), 301–304 (2004). International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2004, IEA, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2004). International Energy Agency (IEA), Biofuels for Transport — An International Perspective, IEA, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 216 (2004a). International Energy Agency (IEA), Bioenergy, Systems and Markets Overview of Anaerobic Digestion. Washington, D.C.: Resource Development Associates (1998). J. Ivy, Summary of Electrolytic Hydrogen Production, Boulder, Colo.: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/MP-560-36734 (2004); available at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/ fy04osti/36734.pdf. N. Martini and J.S. Schell (Eds.), Plant Oils as Fuels — Present State of Science and Future Developments. Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-54-064754-6 (1998). National Research Council (NRC) and National Academy of Engineering (NAE), The Hydrogen Economy. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press (2004). M. Parikka, “Global Biomass Fuel Resources,” Biomass and Bioenergy 27(6), 613–620 (2004). 210
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On the Cover: One route to harvesti
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Revisions, September 2005 p ix, par
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CONTENTS (CONT.) Appendix 4: Additi
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OEC oxygen-evolving complex PCET pr
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viii
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thin films, organic semiconductors,
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genetic sequencing, protein product
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INTRODUCTION The supply and demand
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showing promise to overcome them. T
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GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES 7
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energy can be exploited on the need
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BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
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CONVERSION OF SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRI
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PHYSICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Inorg
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Figure 4 Learning curve for PV prod
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Needs of Direct-gap, Thin-film Phot
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Figure 6 Current record efficiencie
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devices. The molecules and material
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Figure 8 Structure for high-efficie
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One critical property of the photoa
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PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE CELLS
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BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
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information about the proteins that
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convert it into H2 and liquid fuels
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charge separation ensures highly ef
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Efficient Photo-initiated Charge Se
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artificial RCs, have proven to be i
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CATALYSTS FOR CO2 REDUCTION Photo-d
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Upon photoexcitation, the electron
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(5) determining the physical and ch
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following challenges must be met: (
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A.F. Heyduk and D.G. Nocera, “Hyd
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J. Seth, V. Palaniappan, R.W. Wagne
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THREE TYPES OF CONCENTRATED SOLAR
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Solar Thermal to Electric Energy Co
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Tm = mean temperature Z = measure o
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control and further diode developme
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An overview of solar thermochemical
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for electron and phonon band struct
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coefficient. The thermal conductivi
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J.J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joul
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CROSS-CUTTING RESEARCH CHALLENGES B
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ange of time and length scales span
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Research Issues Advances in the syn
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Advances across several science fro
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Figure 19 Transparent conductive el
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Carrier generation, relaxation, and
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E. Hutter and J.H. Fendler, “Expl
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Revolu
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RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Several paths e
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Multiple Energy Level Solar Cells I
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Strain Relaxation. Growth of layers
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the relevant elastic and inelastic
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A.J. Nozik, “Quantum Dot Solar Ce
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these new organic structures, and t
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Figure 30 Schematic diagram (right)
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carrier injection between the indiv
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108
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Figure 32 One important example of
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interface for charge separation. Fo
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• Light harvesting, • Advanced
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116
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Multicomponent structures are often
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REFERENCES A.J. Bard and M.A. Fox,
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PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOFUEL PROD
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een made in identifying and charact
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126
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SUMMARY OF RESEARCH DIRECTION The k
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developing multi-electron catalytic
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coupling in multi-cofactor-containi
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134
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low toxicity, and processibility. T
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8 electrons) are extremely limited.
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largely unknown are the fundamental
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nanostructure design, and developme
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ealize an efficient artificial phot
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Figure 46 Defect-tolerant solar cel
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equired 20-30 years of operation to
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H2SO4 at 1,130K, and the University
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the sequestration step, these solar
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P. von Zedtwitz and A. Steinfeld,
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The continued advances in energy- a
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for the detailed understanding and
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Page 176 and 177: A shortcoming of this approach is t
Page 178 and 179: of ~2.4 at 300K and quantum-dot PbT
Page 180 and 181: High-throughput Experimental Screen
Page 182 and 183: Solar Concentrators and Hot Water H
Page 184 and 185: G. Chen, M.S. Dresselhaus, J.-P. Fl
Page 186 and 187: Materials and Processing Methods to
Page 188 and 189: materials and fabrication approache
Page 190 and 191: multi-electron H2O and CO2 activati
Page 192 and 193: 178
Page 194 and 195: 180
Page 196 and 197: and quantum dots. Quantum dots are
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Page 200 and 201: 186
Page 202 and 203: Flux (mA/eV.cm2 Flux (mA/eV.cm ) 2
Page 204 and 205: Table 1 Worldwide PV Module Product
Page 206 and 207: Amorphous Silicon. From its discove
Page 208 and 209: Table 2 Are There Enough Materials
Page 210 and 211: passivating window and back-surface
Page 212 and 213: R.R. King, C.M. Fetzer, K.M. Edmond
Page 214 and 215: currently accounting for only a sma
Page 216 and 217: Anaerobic Digestion One gasificatio
Page 218 and 219: Electrolysis is the process for bre
Page 220 and 221: alkaline electrolyzers require a mi
Page 222 and 223: maintenance costs of the small prod
Page 226 and 227: 212
Page 228 and 229: periods and extend the system opera
Page 230 and 231: When ηopt < 1, Equation (2) become
Page 232 and 233: Receiver & Power Conversion Unit So
Page 234 and 235: Figure 77 General concept of solar-
Page 236 and 237: Other areas whose development could
Page 238 and 239: THERMOPHOTOVOLTAICS Thermophotovolt
Page 240 and 241: N. Benz and Th. Kuckelkorn, “A Ne
Page 242 and 243: R.A. Sherif, H.L. Cotal, R.R. King,
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Page 246 and 247: Sub-panelists Edmond Amouyal, Centr
Page 248 and 249: Terry Tritt, Clemson University Joh
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Page 252 and 253: Plenary Closing Session — Wednesd
Page 254 and 255: Panel 1C (Photoelectrochemistry)
Page 256 and 257: Agenda for Solar Fuels Breakout Ses
Page 258 and 259: Tuesday, April 19, 2005, 8:00 a.m.
Page 260 and 261: Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
Page 262 and 263: Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
Page 264 and 265: 250
Page 266 and 267: R. Corkish, S. Kettemann, and J. Ne
Page 268 and 269: T. Polivka and V. Sundstrom, “Ult
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Page 272 and 273: 258
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microscopy, 81, 85, 101, 155-157, 1
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