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Workshop for Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization Workshop Chair Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology Workshop Co-chair George Crabtree, Argonne National Laboratory Bethesda North Marriott Hotel and Conference Center Bethesda, Maryland April 18–21, 2005 Panel Chairs Paul Alivisatos, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Arthur J. Nozik, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Michael Wasielewski, Northwestern University Pre-workshop Briefing Presenter Jeffrey Mazer, Solar Energy Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy Plenary Session Speakers Tom Feist, GE Global Research Martin Hoffert, New York University Jeffrey Mazer, Solar Energy Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy Sub-panel Chairs Harry Atwater, California Institute of Technology Allen Bard, University of Texas at Austin Roberto Car, Princeton University Gang Chen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Carol Creutz, Brookhaven National Laboratory Graham Fleming, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Devens Gust, Arizona State University Tony Heinz, Columbia University Jacob Karni, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Antonio Luque, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Anupam Madhukar, University of Southern California Dan Nocera, Massachusetts Institute of Technology James Norris, University of Chicago Arthur J. Nozik, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Hongkun Park, Harvard University Bruce Parkinson, Colorado State University Garry Rumbles, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Chris Somerville, Stanford University Bob Tabita, Ohio State University Michael Wasielewski, Northwestern University Peidong Yang, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 231
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On the Cover: One route to harvesti
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Revisions, September 2005 p ix, par
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CONTENTS (CONT.) Appendix 4: Additi
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OEC oxygen-evolving complex PCET pr
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viii
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thin films, organic semiconductors,
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genetic sequencing, protein product
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INTRODUCTION The supply and demand
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showing promise to overcome them. T
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GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES 7
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energy can be exploited on the need
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BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
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CONVERSION OF SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRI
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PHYSICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Inorg
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Figure 4 Learning curve for PV prod
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Needs of Direct-gap, Thin-film Phot
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Figure 6 Current record efficiencie
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devices. The molecules and material
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Figure 8 Structure for high-efficie
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One critical property of the photoa
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PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE CELLS
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BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
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information about the proteins that
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convert it into H2 and liquid fuels
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charge separation ensures highly ef
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Efficient Photo-initiated Charge Se
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artificial RCs, have proven to be i
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CATALYSTS FOR CO2 REDUCTION Photo-d
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Upon photoexcitation, the electron
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(5) determining the physical and ch
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following challenges must be met: (
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A.F. Heyduk and D.G. Nocera, “Hyd
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J. Seth, V. Palaniappan, R.W. Wagne
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THREE TYPES OF CONCENTRATED SOLAR
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Solar Thermal to Electric Energy Co
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Tm = mean temperature Z = measure o
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control and further diode developme
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An overview of solar thermochemical
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for electron and phonon band struct
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coefficient. The thermal conductivi
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J.J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joul
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CROSS-CUTTING RESEARCH CHALLENGES B
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ange of time and length scales span
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Research Issues Advances in the syn
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Advances across several science fro
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Figure 19 Transparent conductive el
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Carrier generation, relaxation, and
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E. Hutter and J.H. Fendler, “Expl
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Revolu
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RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Several paths e
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Multiple Energy Level Solar Cells I
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Strain Relaxation. Growth of layers
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the relevant elastic and inelastic
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A.J. Nozik, “Quantum Dot Solar Ce
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these new organic structures, and t
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Figure 30 Schematic diagram (right)
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carrier injection between the indiv
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108
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Figure 32 One important example of
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interface for charge separation. Fo
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• Light harvesting, • Advanced
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116
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Multicomponent structures are often
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REFERENCES A.J. Bard and M.A. Fox,
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PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOFUEL PROD
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een made in identifying and charact
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126
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SUMMARY OF RESEARCH DIRECTION The k
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developing multi-electron catalytic
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coupling in multi-cofactor-containi
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134
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low toxicity, and processibility. T
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8 electrons) are extremely limited.
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largely unknown are the fundamental
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nanostructure design, and developme
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ealize an efficient artificial phot
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Figure 46 Defect-tolerant solar cel
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equired 20-30 years of operation to
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H2SO4 at 1,130K, and the University
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the sequestration step, these solar
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P. von Zedtwitz and A. Steinfeld,
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The continued advances in energy- a
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for the detailed understanding and
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160
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A shortcoming of this approach is t
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of ~2.4 at 300K and quantum-dot PbT
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High-throughput Experimental Screen
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Solar Concentrators and Hot Water H
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G. Chen, M.S. Dresselhaus, J.-P. Fl
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Materials and Processing Methods to
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materials and fabrication approache
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multi-electron H2O and CO2 activati
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178
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Page 196 and 197: and quantum dots. Quantum dots are
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Page 202 and 203: Flux (mA/eV.cm2 Flux (mA/eV.cm ) 2
Page 204 and 205: Table 1 Worldwide PV Module Product
Page 206 and 207: Amorphous Silicon. From its discove
Page 208 and 209: Table 2 Are There Enough Materials
Page 210 and 211: passivating window and back-surface
Page 212 and 213: R.R. King, C.M. Fetzer, K.M. Edmond
Page 214 and 215: currently accounting for only a sma
Page 216 and 217: Anaerobic Digestion One gasificatio
Page 218 and 219: Electrolysis is the process for bre
Page 220 and 221: alkaline electrolyzers require a mi
Page 222 and 223: maintenance costs of the small prod
Page 224 and 225: P. Courty, P. Chaumette, and C. Rai
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Page 228 and 229: periods and extend the system opera
Page 230 and 231: When ηopt < 1, Equation (2) become
Page 232 and 233: Receiver & Power Conversion Unit So
Page 234 and 235: Figure 77 General concept of solar-
Page 236 and 237: Other areas whose development could
Page 238 and 239: THERMOPHOTOVOLTAICS Thermophotovolt
Page 240 and 241: N. Benz and Th. Kuckelkorn, “A Ne
Page 242 and 243: R.A. Sherif, H.L. Cotal, R.R. King,
Page 246 and 247: Sub-panelists Edmond Amouyal, Centr
Page 248 and 249: Terry Tritt, Clemson University Joh
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Page 252 and 253: Plenary Closing Session — Wednesd
Page 254 and 255: Panel 1C (Photoelectrochemistry)
Page 256 and 257: Agenda for Solar Fuels Breakout Ses
Page 258 and 259: Tuesday, April 19, 2005, 8:00 a.m.
Page 260 and 261: Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
Page 262 and 263: Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
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Page 266 and 267: R. Corkish, S. Kettemann, and J. Ne
Page 268 and 269: T. Polivka and V. Sundstrom, “Ult
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Page 272 and 273: 258
Page 274 and 275: microscopy, 81, 85, 101, 155-157, 1
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