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i<strong>of</strong>uels, 48, 121-125, 199, 201, 202 biomass, ix, x, 4, 33-37, 48, 52, 65, 122, 123, 125, 199, 200-203 biotechnology, x, 34, 125 carbon, ix, 4, 9, 10, 28, 47, 48, 60, 66, 83, 105, 121, 123-125, 130, 135-138, 151, 191, 197, 200, 201-204, 207, 209, 220, 221 carbon dioxide (CO2), x, 3, 4, 9, 19, 33, 39, 40, 44-47, 50, 51, 54, 65, 121, 123-125, 130, 135-138, 140, 136, 137, 138, 140, 143, 151, 152, 154, 175, 176, 182, 200- 202, 220 catalyst, xi, 33-35, 37, 39, 41-44, 46-48, 50- 52, 66, 117, 119, 121, 123, 127, 130, 135- 138, 140-143, 147, 161, 175, 182, 203, 208, 221 cellulose, 35, 36, 48, 121-124, 202, 203 charge separation, 26, 30, 37-44, 49, 50, 82- 84, 101, 104, 111, 112, 114, 127-130, 139, 141, 145, 157, 172, 175, 177 chemical conversion, xi, 4, 76 chemical fuels, x, xi, 26, 29, 33-35, 57, 153, 155, 213 concentrator, 18, 21, 22, 59, 61, 64, 67, 69, 80, 99, 168, 174, 195, 196, 214, 215, 218, 219, 223 cost effectiveness, xi costs, 4, 14, 16, 18-22, 25, 58-60, 64, 91, 104, 118, 164, 189-192, 197, 202, 207, 208, 222, 224 decarbonization, 65, 67, 149, 151, 202 INDEX 259 defect tolerance, 6, 76, 146 energy conversion, ix-xii, 5, 6, 21-23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33-35, 37, 40, 49-51, 60, 63, 64, 75, 77-85, 91, 95, 98, 99, 101, 106, 109, 119, 123, 127-131, 138, 140, 144, 145, 147, 149, 155-159, 161, 171, 175, 176, 181-183, 219, 222, 223 energy resources, 9 energy storage, 48, 127 ethanol, 4, 5, 35, 36, 199, 201-203 experimental tools, 5, 81, 128, 155-157 fossil fuels, x, 3, 4, 33, 48, 59, 65, 67, 121, 149, 151, 182, 219 heterostructures, 63, 95, 96, 177 hydrogen (H2), x, xi, 4, 5, 19, 28, 29, 31, 33- 35, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50-52, 65, 67, 77, 117, 119, 121, 123-125, 129, 135-143, 147, 149, 150, 151, 158, 175, 192, 197, 199, 202-209, 220 interface science, 77, 82-84 light harvesting, 25, 114, 127, 129, 130, 158 materials, ix-xi, 4, 5, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 29, 34, 44, 47, 50, 58, 61-70, 75-82, 84- 86, 91-99, 101, 104, 105, 109, 111, 112, 118, 119, 121, 127, 128, 130, 132, 139- 141, 145-149, 152, 155, 157, 161-175, 177, 181, 182, 189-197, 199, 203, 213, 216, 217, 222, 223 measurements, 41, 49, 97, 104, 127, 132, 157, 166 methane, 4, 5, 121, 124, 125, 135, 137, 199, 201, 202, 220
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On the Cover: One route to harvesti
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Revisions, September 2005 p ix, par
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CONTENTS (CONT.) Appendix 4: Additi
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OEC oxygen-evolving complex PCET pr
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viii
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thin films, organic semiconductors,
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genetic sequencing, protein product
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INTRODUCTION The supply and demand
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showing promise to overcome them. T
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GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES 7
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energy can be exploited on the need
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BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
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CONVERSION OF SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRI
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PHYSICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Inorg
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Figure 4 Learning curve for PV prod
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Needs of Direct-gap, Thin-film Phot
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Figure 6 Current record efficiencie
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devices. The molecules and material
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Figure 8 Structure for high-efficie
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One critical property of the photoa
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PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE CELLS
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BASIC RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR
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information about the proteins that
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convert it into H2 and liquid fuels
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charge separation ensures highly ef
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Efficient Photo-initiated Charge Se
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artificial RCs, have proven to be i
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CATALYSTS FOR CO2 REDUCTION Photo-d
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Upon photoexcitation, the electron
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(5) determining the physical and ch
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following challenges must be met: (
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A.F. Heyduk and D.G. Nocera, “Hyd
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J. Seth, V. Palaniappan, R.W. Wagne
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THREE TYPES OF CONCENTRATED SOLAR
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Solar Thermal to Electric Energy Co
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Tm = mean temperature Z = measure o
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control and further diode developme
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An overview of solar thermochemical
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for electron and phonon band struct
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coefficient. The thermal conductivi
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J.J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joul
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CROSS-CUTTING RESEARCH CHALLENGES B
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ange of time and length scales span
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Research Issues Advances in the syn
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Advances across several science fro
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Figure 19 Transparent conductive el
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Carrier generation, relaxation, and
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E. Hutter and J.H. Fendler, “Expl
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Revolu
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RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Several paths e
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Multiple Energy Level Solar Cells I
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Strain Relaxation. Growth of layers
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the relevant elastic and inelastic
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A.J. Nozik, “Quantum Dot Solar Ce
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these new organic structures, and t
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Figure 30 Schematic diagram (right)
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carrier injection between the indiv
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108
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Figure 32 One important example of
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interface for charge separation. Fo
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• Light harvesting, • Advanced
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116
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Multicomponent structures are often
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REFERENCES A.J. Bard and M.A. Fox,
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PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOFUEL PROD
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een made in identifying and charact
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126
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SUMMARY OF RESEARCH DIRECTION The k
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developing multi-electron catalytic
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coupling in multi-cofactor-containi
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134
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low toxicity, and processibility. T
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8 electrons) are extremely limited.
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largely unknown are the fundamental
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nanostructure design, and developme
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ealize an efficient artificial phot
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Figure 46 Defect-tolerant solar cel
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equired 20-30 years of operation to
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H2SO4 at 1,130K, and the University
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the sequestration step, these solar
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P. von Zedtwitz and A. Steinfeld,
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The continued advances in energy- a
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for the detailed understanding and
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160
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A shortcoming of this approach is t
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of ~2.4 at 300K and quantum-dot PbT
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High-throughput Experimental Screen
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Solar Concentrators and Hot Water H
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G. Chen, M.S. Dresselhaus, J.-P. Fl
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Materials and Processing Methods to
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materials and fabrication approache
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multi-electron H2O and CO2 activati
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178
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180
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and quantum dots. Quantum dots are
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184
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186
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Flux (mA/eV.cm2 Flux (mA/eV.cm ) 2
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Table 1 Worldwide PV Module Product
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Amorphous Silicon. From its discove
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Table 2 Are There Enough Materials
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passivating window and back-surface
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R.R. King, C.M. Fetzer, K.M. Edmond
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currently accounting for only a sma
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Anaerobic Digestion One gasificatio
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Electrolysis is the process for bre
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alkaline electrolyzers require a mi
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- Page 238 and 239: THERMOPHOTOVOLTAICS Thermophotovolt
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- Page 252 and 253: Plenary Closing Session — Wednesd
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- Page 256 and 257: Agenda for Solar Fuels Breakout Ses
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- Page 260 and 261: Wednesday, April 20, 2005, 8:00 a.m
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- Page 266 and 267: R. Corkish, S. Kettemann, and J. Ne
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