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He ne wisten hwat he niouthen Ne he ne wisten wat hem douthe-- Per to dwellen to Jenne to gonge (1184-6). The language of the Laud MS of Flavelok is ascribed to west Norfolk, and dated to cal300, although the original text may have been produced in a northerly area, perhaps in Lincolnshire. The situation which Havelok displays largely coincides with the picture provided by McIntosh, Samuels, and Benskin (1986, IV: 218-20), who identify the contracted form nis and contracted present-tense forms of will in Norfolk. As shown above, the combination of ne and is provides three examples of the contracted form as opposed to one instance of the uncontracted form in Havelok. Although Havelok does not provide any contracted forms of wile, on the other hand, this is not a strong counter evidence to McIntosh, Samuels, and Benskin, since there are only two relevant examples in the text. Whether all the other forms of negative contraction were entirely absent in I'orfolk, however, is open to question. Since uncontracted forms (as opposed to contracted forms) have not been systematically recorded in existing studies, it is difficult to reach ay definitive conclusion. As far as Havelok is concerned, uncontracted forms are consistent in all relevant examples except in the combination of ne and is. It is at least a reasonable conjecture that the phenomenon is rather rare, though it may not be entirely absent, with relevant forms other than ne is. Nis may simply be a form which is more common and which therefore spreads more widely than any other form of negative contraction. Texts from the border areas in terms of the distribution of negative contraction, of which Havelok is one, may well provide only common forms like riis but not other forms. In other words, the form nis occurs even in the areas where the other contracted negative forms are not necessarily attested. However, of the three examples of nis in the present text, two illustrate an existential clause, and therefore the occurrence of nis may be somehow related 190
to this particular syntactic condition. The issue is discussed below in 4.2. (5) The South English Legendary (SEL) As the following table displays, negative contraction is almost constant in SEL: IContracted Uncontracted I Totals I Ine+am 11 0 I ill ne+ert I 3 1 I 41 lne+is I 45 0 I 451 I ne + was I 139 0 I 139 I I ne + wer(e) I 77 0 I 77 I I ne + wel(e)/welle I 47 0 I 47 I I ne + wolle(J) I 11 0 I 11 I I ne + welt I 7 0 I 7 I lne+weles I 1 0 I ii I ne + wolde I 105 0 I 105 I Ine+haue I 3 2 I 5! I ne + habbe(1) I 25 0 I 25 I ne+ha) I 3 0 I 3! lne+has I 1 0 I 1! I ne + hast I 4 0 I 4 I I ne + hadde 67 0 67 ne+wot I 8 0 I 81 I ne + wute(1) I 6 0 I 6 I lne+ost '1 Ine+woste I 2 0 I 21 I ne + wuste I 58 0 I 58 I Totals I 626 3 I 629 I The examples of uncontracted forms are: I (99.5) (0.5) I In so vil prison & so strong ne ertou of greot pris (253/182) At I'e messager axe wat he be[o] [] & ne haue of him no drede (65/75) Ac watso J)ou ise[o] ojer ihure ne haue Jou none drede (22 1/28). Some examples of contracted forms are also presented below: For ich wot 3e sede soJ . inam no3t worJe 1'erto (13/164) Nas is maide iwem med no3t . for it ne touchede no3t ene (23/114) Pat fur queinte into al Jat lond ri3t as it neuere nere (58/130) 191
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NEGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN SELECTED
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ABS TRACT The objective of the pres
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etween the U.K. and Japan. I am als
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3.2. Negative elements and syn tact
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ABBREVIATIONS 1. Titles of the text
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CHAPTER I Introd uction 1.1. The na
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show various combinations of the ad
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confined to the use by some German
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constructions and the syntactic con
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30-5). His later work is, in genera
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favour the use of ne alone, rather
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and 1978c), all of which should hav
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and 401-2), Roscow (1981: 16-19), K
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Common to be mentioned in these stu
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actuality the intention can hardly
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(c) PM (Dgb) = Poema Morale (Oxford
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(3) KH = King Horn (Cambridge, Camb
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text of EMH, on the other hand, can
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(10) Ferumbras = Sir Ferumbras (Oxf
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GGK is extant in the single manuscr
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therefore, be always repeated in th
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cases, therefore, the distinction b
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEGATIVE
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concerned, never, no, etc. are almo
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Some examples ifiustrating the abov
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IO&N I ne ne. . . not I not I - I T
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Ne kneu heo no3t his fissing, Ne ho
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extent up to a later period than ha
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constructions in this text still se
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For Godd no mai we nangat der (50/1
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(7) The Middle English Genesis and
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alternatives to the form ne. Alongs
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Who hys hit at neuer yjou3t Of pomp
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the beginning of the fourteenth cen
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Teche we now wat men we ben, For we
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fourteenth century. The usage of ne
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progressive nature of the text may
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Negative constructions in KA are, h
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And he nikked hym naye, he nolde hi
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(b) Not He ne schownttes for no sch
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(c) Not For we ne li3the noht our l
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century, while the original text wa
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For sorow he my3te not nyght hym ne
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(early fourteenth century) also pre
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On the other hand, texts from south
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According to the stage of the devel
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use of the adverb not is unequivoca
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no, etc. in DT also reveal the most
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when not occurs after the verb, it
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'Flert sun for-gettes Jat ne ei sei
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Ride myght respectively). The adver
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Lo now, my Sone, avise the, That th
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Pa3 we ne mowe nau3t ise (WS 7/169)
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examples, not occurs after the verb
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the other cases mentioned above. Ex
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adverb ne alone is common with form
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and A&D as far as the texts of Grou
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Contracted forms and negative const
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longer occurs or occurs only occasi
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forms of will have an understandabl
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The nature of the finite verb and t
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The nature of the finite verb and t
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have moved to the construction whic
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subjunctive forms, which is a disti
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never, no, etc. are involved. The d
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extensive in the sample of the pres
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favoured in the text. Not only the
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alone is quite sufficient here part
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avoided in this syntactic condition
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Of his bodi ne hauede he eyr Bute a
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Alle Je lujer Deneis Jat ne luuede
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(3) Relative clauses me/not I ne me
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Some illustrative examples are give
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Pat-clauses not dependent upon a ne
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Page 153 and 154: (2) Those not dependent upon a nega
Page 155 and 156: Conditional clauses with the invert
Page 157 and 158: Pere the grekes hade grymly ben gir
Page 159 and 160: Since the three examples in CM all
Page 161 and 162: displayed below for the purpose of
Page 163 and 164: occasionally provide non-assertive
Page 165 and 166: does not differ much from the overa
Page 167 and 168: Some further examples are: pg was n
Page 169 and 170: Some illustrative examples are: ffo
Page 171 and 172: Optative clauses ne/not I ne me. .
Page 173 and 174: I)eclarative clauses with the inver
Page 175 and 176: (3) Declarative clauses with the in
Page 177 and 178: Clauses in which the finite verb di
Page 179 and 180: or of never, no, etc. alone has not
Page 181 and 182: Figurative negation me/not I ne me.
Page 183 and 184: 3.2.15. Existential clauses Existen
Page 185 and 186: period of ME and especially outstan
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Page 189 and 190: C H A P T E R IV Negative Contracti
Page 191 and 192: contracted forms were stifl used as
Page 193 and 194: (1) Poema Morale (PM) As the follow
Page 195 and 196: ac, se Jet naueô hier naht ibet, m
Page 197 and 198: as the following table displays: __
Page 199 and 200: I Contracted Uncontracted I Totals
Page 201: I IContracted Incontracted I Totals
Page 205 and 206: in SEL in general, forms not record
Page 207 and 208: Uncontracted forms are also illustr
Page 209 and 210: I Ine+art IContracted Uncontracted
Page 211 and 212: eginning of the period 1350-1450. T
Page 213 and 214: I Ine+am ne + is/ys I ne + was/wace
Page 215 and 216: present tense varies between contra
Page 217 and 218: And for this cause I axe that, Who
Page 219 and 220: And Jou ne wylt a nyghtes gest (102
Page 221 and 222: Nyst noman his doleful cas Bot Besa
Page 223 and 224: j Contracted UncontracteL Totals I
Page 225 and 226: manuscript, Newstead (1967: 44-5) p
Page 227 and 228: I Contracted Uncontracted I Totals
Page 229 and 230: Uncontracted forms are also illustr
Page 231 and 232: an almost regular attestation of co
Page 233 and 234: (7) Preterite-tense forms of will 2
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Page 237 and 238: and uncontracted ones (2x) with for
Page 239 and 240: encountered in them. KA and Ferumbr
Page 241 and 242: phrase is in use in a fossilized fo
Page 243 and 244: ather more likely to be connected w
Page 245 and 246: And if he wil assenty jar-to, non h
Page 247 and 248: in a text where negative contractio
Page 249 and 250: 5.1. Preliminary remarks CHAPTER V
Page 251 and 252: and This ultimately contributes to
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the adverb ne is by no means a domi
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consideration. Since double negatio
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Single v.s. multiple negation in Gr
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the whole rather conservative. Mult
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As the above table shows, the occur
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He ne myght proue it neuer more (SM
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The reduction of the adverb ne is a
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Ne/nor in multiple negation Ithe nu
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According to their convention, the
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For no j)yng Thu cryst more quemyj
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2.85 and 1.15 respectively, both of
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interrogative clause all through th
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By contrast, the case in which ne/n
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each. That a shared preposition is
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The nynje comaundement yn oure tell
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concerned. It provides only around
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above table) is by no means large a
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For hi ne ssolde horn temie no3t jj
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iai in negative clauses in later ME
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SEMANTIC ASPECTS OF NEGATION
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Quen he was ded ne dout he nan Jat
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(8) forberen 'to withhold', 'to pre
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IF thou the vices lest to knowe, Mi
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P fader me for-bed al-so : Pat for
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Bot this thin g mai noght be foryet
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Here the antecedent it refers to th
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(SEL 381/229_30).15 Accordin g to S
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y 'before', 'until', etc. Labov (19
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negative connotation such as douten
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I)o nau3t so, ac mercy crye, Pat e
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They knew hyrn and he hem nought (S
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later ME texts except in I)T, where
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is accompanied by another negative
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negative contraction at all. Neithe
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examples of multiple negation indee
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of an action occasionally present e
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Baker, C. L. 1970. 'Double Negative
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Regulation of its Use in En glish.
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39-57. . 1989c. 'Figurative Negatio
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English Grammar'. Language 48: 773-
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Moss, F. 1952. A Handbook of Middle
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Plowman', ed. J. A. Alford, pp. 201
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Methuen and Co. Wrenn, C. L. 1939.
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