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Sukagawa, S. 1971. 'Negation in the Language of Chaucer and The Romaunt of the Rose'. I)okukyo University, Proceedings 5: 249-68. Sullens, I. (ed.) 1983. Robert Mann y n g of Brunne: Handlyng Synne. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 14. Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. Sweet, 1-1. 1892-8. A New English Grammar: Logical and Historical. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Tolkien, J. R. R. and E. V. Gordon (eds.). 1967. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. 2nd ed. Revised by N. Davis. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Traugott, E. C. 1992. 'Syntax', in The Cambridge History of the 324 English Lan g ua g e, I: The Beginnings to 1066, ed. R. M. Hogg, pp. 168-289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. kaji, M. 1979. 'Multiple Negation in Shakespeare'. Studies in English Linguistics 7: 100-17. !t1ey, F. L. 1972. 'Dialogues, I)ebates, and Catechisms', in Manual, III, ed. A. E. Hartung, pp. 669-745, 829-902. Visser, F. T. 1963-73. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 parts in 4 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Wackernagel, J. 1920-4. Vorlesungen iiber Syntax mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung von Griechisch, Lateinisch und Deutsch. 2 vols. Basel: Kom missionsverlag von Emil Birkhäuser and Cie. Warner, A. 1982. Complementation in Middle English and the Methodology of Historical S y ntax: A Study of the Wyclifite Sermons. London: Croom Helm. Wifiert, II. 1900. 'Uber bildliche Verneinungen im Neuenglischen'. Archivum Linguisticum 105: 37-47. Wells, J. E. 1916. A Manual of the Writin g s in Middle English 1050-1400. New Haven: Yale University Press. Wilson, R. M. 1939. Early Middle En glish Literature. London:
Methuen and Co. Wrenn, C. L. 1939. 'Curiosities in a Medieval Manuscript'. E&S 25: 10 1-15. Wright, C. E. 1960. English Vernacular Hands from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wiilfing, J. E. 1904-5. 'Das Bild und die bildliche Verneinung im Laud-Troy-Book'. Anglia 27: 555-80, 28: 29-80. Wyld, 1-1. C. 1920. 'South-Eastern and South-East Midland Dialects in Middle English'. E&S 6: 112-45. . 1940. 'Aspects of Style and Idiom in Fifteenth-CenturY English'. E&S 26: 30-44. Yoshino, Y. 1975. 'Negation in Chaucerian Prose'. jQpOliJi (Tokyo Metropolitan University) 19: 1-23. Zupitza, J. 1878. 'Zur Poema Morale'. An glia 1: 5-38. 325
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NEGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN SELECTED
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ABS TRACT The objective of the pres
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etween the U.K. and Japan. I am als
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3.2. Negative elements and syn tact
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ABBREVIATIONS 1. Titles of the text
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CHAPTER I Introd uction 1.1. The na
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show various combinations of the ad
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confined to the use by some German
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constructions and the syntactic con
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30-5). His later work is, in genera
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favour the use of ne alone, rather
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and 1978c), all of which should hav
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and 401-2), Roscow (1981: 16-19), K
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Common to be mentioned in these stu
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actuality the intention can hardly
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(c) PM (Dgb) = Poema Morale (Oxford
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(3) KH = King Horn (Cambridge, Camb
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text of EMH, on the other hand, can
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(10) Ferumbras = Sir Ferumbras (Oxf
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GGK is extant in the single manuscr
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therefore, be always repeated in th
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cases, therefore, the distinction b
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEGATIVE
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concerned, never, no, etc. are almo
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Some examples ifiustrating the abov
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IO&N I ne ne. . . not I not I - I T
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Ne kneu heo no3t his fissing, Ne ho
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extent up to a later period than ha
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constructions in this text still se
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For Godd no mai we nangat der (50/1
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(7) The Middle English Genesis and
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alternatives to the form ne. Alongs
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Who hys hit at neuer yjou3t Of pomp
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the beginning of the fourteenth cen
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Teche we now wat men we ben, For we
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fourteenth century. The usage of ne
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progressive nature of the text may
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Negative constructions in KA are, h
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And he nikked hym naye, he nolde hi
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(b) Not He ne schownttes for no sch
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(c) Not For we ne li3the noht our l
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century, while the original text wa
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For sorow he my3te not nyght hym ne
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(early fourteenth century) also pre
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On the other hand, texts from south
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According to the stage of the devel
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use of the adverb not is unequivoca
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no, etc. in DT also reveal the most
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when not occurs after the verb, it
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'Flert sun for-gettes Jat ne ei sei
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Ride myght respectively). The adver
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Lo now, my Sone, avise the, That th
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Pa3 we ne mowe nau3t ise (WS 7/169)
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examples, not occurs after the verb
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the other cases mentioned above. Ex
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adverb ne alone is common with form
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and A&D as far as the texts of Grou
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Contracted forms and negative const
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longer occurs or occurs only occasi
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forms of will have an understandabl
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The nature of the finite verb and t
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The nature of the finite verb and t
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have moved to the construction whic
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subjunctive forms, which is a disti
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never, no, etc. are involved. The d
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extensive in the sample of the pres
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favoured in the text. Not only the
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alone is quite sufficient here part
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avoided in this syntactic condition
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Of his bodi ne hauede he eyr Bute a
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Alle Je lujer Deneis Jat ne luuede
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(3) Relative clauses me/not I ne me
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Some illustrative examples are give
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Pat-clauses not dependent upon a ne
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present study provide only about 40
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(2) Those not dependent upon a nega
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Conditional clauses with the invert
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Pere the grekes hade grymly ben gir
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Since the three examples in CM all
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displayed below for the purpose of
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occasionally provide non-assertive
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does not differ much from the overa
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Some further examples are: pg was n
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Some illustrative examples are: ffo
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Optative clauses ne/not I ne me. .
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I)eclarative clauses with the inver
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(3) Declarative clauses with the in
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Clauses in which the finite verb di
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or of never, no, etc. alone has not
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Figurative negation me/not I ne me.
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3.2.15. Existential clauses Existen
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period of ME and especially outstan
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that matters at least as far as the
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C H A P T E R IV Negative Contracti
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contracted forms were stifl used as
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(1) Poema Morale (PM) As the follow
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ac, se Jet naueô hier naht ibet, m
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as the following table displays: __
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I Contracted Uncontracted I Totals
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I IContracted Incontracted I Totals
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to this particular syntactic condit
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in SEL in general, forms not record
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Uncontracted forms are also illustr
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I Ine+art IContracted Uncontracted
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eginning of the period 1350-1450. T
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I Ine+am ne + is/ys I ne + was/wace
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present tense varies between contra
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And for this cause I axe that, Who
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And Jou ne wylt a nyghtes gest (102
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Nyst noman his doleful cas Bot Besa
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j Contracted UncontracteL Totals I
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manuscript, Newstead (1967: 44-5) p
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I Contracted Uncontracted I Totals
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Uncontracted forms are also illustr
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an almost regular attestation of co
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(7) Preterite-tense forms of will 2
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existence of an unexpressed element
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and uncontracted ones (2x) with for
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encountered in them. KA and Ferumbr
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phrase is in use in a fossilized fo
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ather more likely to be connected w
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And if he wil assenty jar-to, non h
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in a text where negative contractio
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5.1. Preliminary remarks CHAPTER V
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and This ultimately contributes to
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the adverb ne is by no means a domi
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consideration. Since double negatio
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Single v.s. multiple negation in Gr
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the whole rather conservative. Mult
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As the above table shows, the occur
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He ne myght proue it neuer more (SM
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The reduction of the adverb ne is a
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Ne/nor in multiple negation Ithe nu
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According to their convention, the
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For no j)yng Thu cryst more quemyj
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2.85 and 1.15 respectively, both of
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interrogative clause all through th
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By contrast, the case in which ne/n
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each. That a shared preposition is
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The nynje comaundement yn oure tell
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concerned. It provides only around
Page 285 and 286: above table) is by no means large a
Page 287 and 288: For hi ne ssolde horn temie no3t jj
Page 289 and 290: iai in negative clauses in later ME
Page 291 and 292: SEMANTIC ASPECTS OF NEGATION
Page 293 and 294: Quen he was ded ne dout he nan Jat
Page 295 and 296: (8) forberen 'to withhold', 'to pre
Page 297 and 298: IF thou the vices lest to knowe, Mi
Page 299 and 300: P fader me for-bed al-so : Pat for
Page 301 and 302: Bot this thin g mai noght be foryet
Page 303 and 304: Here the antecedent it refers to th
Page 305 and 306: (SEL 381/229_30).15 Accordin g to S
Page 307 and 308: y 'before', 'until', etc. Labov (19
Page 309 and 310: negative connotation such as douten
Page 311 and 312: I)o nau3t so, ac mercy crye, Pat e
Page 313 and 314: They knew hyrn and he hem nought (S
Page 315 and 316: later ME texts except in I)T, where
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Page 319 and 320: negative contraction at all. Neithe
Page 321 and 322: examples of multiple negation indee
Page 323 and 324: of an action occasionally present e
Page 325 and 326: Baker, C. L. 1970. 'Double Negative
Page 327 and 328: Regulation of its Use in En glish.
Page 329 and 330: 39-57. . 1989c. 'Figurative Negatio
Page 331 and 332: English Grammar'. Language 48: 773-
Page 333 and 334: Moss, F. 1952. A Handbook of Middle
Page 335: Plowman', ed. J. A. Alford, pp. 201
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