Livestock Services and the Poor: A global initiative - IFAD

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84 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR The pressure on health is related to the type of production system Robust technologies of medicines that can be stored at room temperature and have long-lasting effects are needed by the poor will adopt the cultivation of fodder crops, such as Napier grass, on a large scale (Bebe, 2003). Similarly, farmers in the altiplano in Bolivia who have a reliable market outlet and receive a favourable price for livestock products have widely adopted fodder production technologies in a complex crop rotation system involving potatoes, quinoa and onion, along with alfalfa and oats for hay (observations of the authors). When land is available and livestock keepers have a reliable market and receive favourable prices for livestock products, they readily adopt fodder production technologies. Address the problems created by disease The poor generally consider animal diseases as a major constraint. High mortality caused by parasites and infectious diseases is a significant barrier in tropical countries. Such problems are closely related to the type of production systems; the most intensive systems face the greatest pressure. For example, adult and calf mortality rates are much higher in the highly intensive Kenyan smallholder stall-fed systems than they are in the less intensive free grazing system. Most disease control technologies have focused on cattle and rely on rather expensive technologies that require cold storage facilities and multiple applications per year. More robust preventive and curative medical technologies that can be stored at room temperature and have more long-lasting effects need to be developed to serve the poor. Perry et al. (2001) sought to identify and prioritize the most important diseases affecting the livestock of the poor and the most effective approaches for addressing these diseases. Nonetheless, though the effort was successful, the overriding conclusion was that the technologies for controlling these diseases had to be seen in the context of the overall farming system. Provide appropriate genetic material Poor livestock keepers need livestock of appropriate genetic background. The literature offers several examples of livestock
CHAPTER 3: POVERTY FOCUS OF LIVESTOCK SERVICES programmes involving the introduction of new animal breeds that were unable to adapt to the conditions on the farms of the poor. Box 3.9 briefly describes the results of an inappropriate programme. While wealthy livestock farmers might be able to manage exotic breeds successfully, the poor mostly require local breeds or non-exotic cross-bred animals that are hardy under local conditions and require fewer external inputs. However, government breeding programmes are often biased towards the exotic breeds, which they view as the ‘magic bullet’ to achieve substantial increases in production. Animal health services Animal health services have frequently been given a high priority. They have traditionally been the responsibility of the public sector, but more recently there has been a move towards a more efficient distribution of tasks between the public and private sectors in most countries. This has been induced by the structural adjustments mentioned in Chapter 2. How to address the needs Livestock keepers need access to a number of animal health services in order to keep their herds or flocks healthy. Some critical requirements are: access to preventive disease control measures such as vaccinations and internal and external parasite control; a reliable supply of key veterinary pharmaceuticals, particularly for small livestock; and training in the administration of key pharmaceuticals and the follow-up treatments. While the emphasis of most government services is on large animals, the case studies in Orissa and Bangladesh are good examples of the opportunities for preventive health care delivery systems for smaller livestock and poultry that have significant effects on the livelihoods of poor livestock keepers. In Koraput in Orissa, poultry and goat vaccinations, along with de-worming, showed good results and significantly reduced the mortality rates The poor mostly require local breeds or non-exotic cross-breeds Most services focus on large animals 85
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Nearly one billion livestock are ke
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© 2004 International Fund for Agri
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iv Figures Figure 1.1 The poverty c
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Foreword About 900 million of the w
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report, prepa
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The world communi
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E XECUTIVE SUMMARY HIV/AIDS AIDS-af
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E XECUTIVE SUMMARY delivery of serv
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E XECUTIVE SUMMARY access to credit
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INTRODUCTION The fight against pove
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INTRODUCTION identity. Livestock is
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INTRODUCTION adequate for livestock
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8 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR P
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600 million poor livestock Keepers
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12 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR
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Livestock can help cement social ne
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28 Enhancing gender equity may redu
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The poor should define their own ne
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Page 60 and 61: 40 Inappropriate livestock producti
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Page 70 and 71: 50 The interests of NGOs are not th
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Page 135 and 136: RECOMMENDED ACTIONS The overall con
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Livestock Services and the Poor: A global initiative - IFAD

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