Livestock Services and the Poor: A global initiative - IFAD

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36 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR Table 1.6: Livestock services and poverty constraints General Constraint No voice in policy formulation or in the architecture of services Limited access to education High incidence of illiteracy Health constraints and limited access to health services reduce the capacity for productive activities Limited access to land and water and insecure access and ownership rights Limited access to assets (for example, livestock) Low household income Limited access to credit Limited access to extension and other agricultural and livestock services Limited access to markets Specific Constraints for Women The lack of voice is particularly common among women all over the world. The disadvantage of women in education has been clearly shown to constrain women’s productivity. Women’s health constraints: There may be a reduced capacity for productive activities due to intestinal diseases, poor nutrition, tightly spaced childbirths and female genital mutilation. Often the responsibility and work burden involved in the care for sick family members falls to women. Limits on women’s right to own, control and inherit land are widespread. Limits on women’s right to inherit assets are widespread. Women often have the least amount of access to earning income. They may have an income, but no right to control the income. Women often have no access to credit; this is especially true among woman-headed households. Most services are only directed towards men. Women are often less able to reach the market because of their domestic responsibilities or the cultural barriers.
Consequences for Effectiveness of Livestock Services Reaching the Poor Services might not be relevant to farmer needs. Farmers have no ownership of the services. Women are being neglected in most services. CHAPTER 1: POOR LIVESTOCK KEEPERS More sophisticated technologies that demand a high level of management skills might not be feasible. Training in new technologies must be simple and practical. The need to support supervision is significant. Many families are labour poor, so that labour-demanding technologies or services that require farmers to travel are not feasible. This problem is especially pronounced among woman-headed households. Extra labour demands placed on women often fail; this issue is frequently neglected in fodder production programmes. Access to fodder and water resources is scarce or insecure, and this limits livestock production. This may discourage women from investing in land improvement, agricultural equipment and livestock. Poor farmers own proportionally fewer livestock, and small livestock is more important. Investment in new livestock and technologies is difficult. In times of crisis, the family may sell off its livestock if this is their only asset. The family is too vulnerable to take up risky new technologies. A technology that requires expensive inputs may not be feasible. Livestock services need to be low cost. Investment in new livestock and technology is difficult. In times of crisis, the family may sell off livestock if it has no access to credit. Poor farmers and especially poor women farmers cannot take advantage of new technologies or market possibilities. Woman-headed households are particularly disadvantaged. Livestock keepers may not increase their production beyond a subsistence level because they have no market for the surplus. Heffernan et al. (2002). 37
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Nearly one billion livestock are ke
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© 2004 International Fund for Agri
Page 5 and 6: iv Figures Figure 1.1 The poverty c
Page 8 and 9: Foreword About 900 million of the w
Page 10 and 11: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report, prepa
Page 12 and 13: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The world communi
Page 14 and 15: E XECUTIVE SUMMARY HIV/AIDS AIDS-af
Page 16 and 17: E XECUTIVE SUMMARY delivery of serv
Page 18 and 19: E XECUTIVE SUMMARY access to credit
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION The fight against pove
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION identity. Livestock is
Page 25: INTRODUCTION adequate for livestock
Page 28 and 29: 8 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR P
Page 30 and 31: 600 million poor livestock Keepers
Page 32 and 33: 12 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR
Page 36 and 37: Livestock can help cement social ne
Page 48 and 49: 28 Enhancing gender equity may redu
Page 52 and 53: The poor should define their own ne
Page 60 and 61: 40 Inappropriate livestock producti
Page 66 and 67: The public sector must provide an e
Page 68 and 69: Decentralization brings decision-ma
Page 70 and 71: 50 The interests of NGOs are not th
Page 72 and 73: Alternative models linking local pa
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Page 76 and 77: Producer organizations can also aim
Page 78 and 79: 58 Supply public support through or
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CHAPTER 3: POVERTY FOCUS OF LIVESTO
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Table 3.1: Primary features of two
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Box 3.14: Self-help groups in the I
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Box 3.16: Loans for women dairy soc
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RECOMMENDED ACTIONS The overall con
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Focus on Key Issues CHAPTER 4: RECO
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Recommendations CHAPTER 4: RECOMMEN
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The following are required for more
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CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDED ACTIONS Init
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126 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR
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