An Outline of The History of Western Music Grout ... - The Reel Score

iii- in Vienna - Georg Matthias Monn (1717-1750), Georg Christoph Wagenseil
(1715-1777), Florian Leopold Gassmann (1729-1774), Michael Haydn
(1737-1806)
iv- in Berlin - or North German School - clustered around Fredrick the Great
(who was a composer himself) - Johann Gottlieb Graun (1702/03-1771) &
C.P.E. Bach (1735-1782)
c) France
1: Paris became an important center of composition and publication toward the
middle of the 18th century
2: Composers
i- Gerog Christoph Wagenseil (1715-1777), Ignaz Holzbauer (1711-1783)
both Austrian
ii- Anton Fils (1733-1760) a Bavarian
iii- Sammartini (1698-1775), Karl Stamitz (1745-1801)
iv- Francois-Joseph Gossec (1734-1829) - one of the most popular composers
during the revolutionary period
v- Joseph Boulogne Saint-Georges (ca. 1739-1799), Giovanni Giuseppe
Cambini (1746-1825)
d) the Symphony Orchestra
1: much smaller than today's
2: basso continuo was gradually abandoned in both the symphony and other
forms of ensemble music (last quarter of the century)
3: all the essential voices were taken over by the melody instrumentes
4: responsibility of conducting the group fell to the leader of the violins
5: by mid century, all the essential musical material to the strings
6: used the winds only for doubling, reinforcing, and filling in the harmonies - later
in the century the wind instruments were entrusted with more important and
more independent material
4. Chamber Music
a) the keyboard with fully written out part tended to dominate its 1,2, or 3 instrumental
partners
b) the piano began to replace the harpsichord and clavinet
c) Mannheimer Franz Xaver Richter (1709-1789)
J. Summary
1. early Classic period explored a wealth of new genres, forms, and expressive means
2. much of the innovation originated in opera - particularly comic opera
3. need to reach a diverse audience led to a simplification of means and a striving for
naturalness of expression
4. new styles spread through the cosmopolitan network of musicians, composers, and
directors to centers such as Paris, Mannheim, and Vienna
5. many practices broke out of the theaters into the concert hall and private chambers
6. the excesses of Italian opera were purged culminating in the spare, transparent, and
logical flow of musical ideas - to be grasped at first listen
7. instrumental music no longer needed a text or a title to render it intelligible
8. paved the way for the mature classic period of Haydn & Mozart