An Outline of The History of Western Music Grout ... - The Reel Score

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4. Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) - the most prolific and best-known English composer of the the mid-20th century and distinguished especially for his choral compositions, songs, and opera 5. Michael Tippett (1905-1998) - open to historical, traditional ethnic, & non-Western styles and materials 6. New Music Manchester group a) Alexander Goehr (b. 1932) b) Peter Maxwell Davies (b. 1934) c) Harrison Birtwestle (b. 1934) E. Germany 1. Harbored the most aggressive nationalism between the two world wars a) Nazis did try to enforce a kind of national purity b) Led to a dissolution of its creative forces - some of its most talented musicians took refuge abroad 2. Paul Hindemith (1895-1963) a) disturbed by the widening gulf between composers and an increasingly passive public in the late 20's & 30's he began to compose "Gebrauchsmusik" - music for use as opposed the music for its own sake b) followed a new harmonic method which he called "harmonic fluctuation" 1: fairly consonant chords progress toward combinations containing greater tension & dissonance 2: which are then resolved either suddenly or by slowly moderating the tension until consonance is reached again 3. Carl Orff (1895-1982) - along with Kodály's method and materials he won a following among educators in many countries 4. Kurt Weill (1900-1950) a) two careers 1: as an opera composer in Berlin - embracing Gebrauchsmusik 2: as a Broadway composer in New York F. Latin America 1. Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959) - Brazilian, made use of Brazilian rhythms & sonorities 2. Silvestre Revueltas (1898-1940) - Mexican 3. Carlos Chávez (1899-1978) 4. Alberto Ginastera (1916-1983) - Argentinian G. Neo-Classicism in France 1. Neo-Classicism represented a broad movement from the 1910's into the 1950's a) composers revived, imitated, or evoked the styles, genres, and forms of pre- Romantic music, especially of what we now call the Baroque & Classic b) many mid-20th century works hark back to earlier procedures - but in less obvious ways c) composers tried to absorb the more experimental elements from the previous decades while maintaining continuity with tradition 1: held to some recognizably familiar features of the past
1: held to some recognizably familiar features of the past i- tonal centers - defined or alluded to ii- melodic shape iii- goal oriented movement of musical ideas 2: while incorporating fresh & unfamiliar elements 2. Arthur Honegger (1892-1955) - excelled in music of dynamic action and graphic gesture 3. Darius Milhaud (1892-1974) - often employed polytonality 4. Francis Poulec (1899-1963) H. Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) 1. participated in the most significant musical developments of the firs half of the 20 century - giving impetus to some of these developments 2. Early Works a) The Firebird - from the Russian nationalist tradition b) Petruska 1: containing many stylistic ingredients that remain identified with Stravinsky 2: Petruska chord - with polytonal effect, through the use of the octatonic scale c) Le Sacre 1: stuck many listeners as the culmination of primitivism 2: novel not only in the rhythms, but even more in the previously unheard orchestral effects 3. His Neo-Classicism a) with The Rake's Progress" in 1951 he adopted a neo-classic approach b) refers to his prefernce for balance, coolness, objectivity, and absolute (as opposed to program) music 4. Choral literature a) Oedipus rex (1927) b) Symphony of the Psalms (1930) - utilizing "pandiatonicism" III. Atonality, Serialism, & recent developments in 20th Century Europe A. Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) and his followers 1. Atonality a) the twelve tone system he devised springs from late German Romanticism - around 1908 he moved from a chromatic approach centered on a keynote to atonality 1: much late Romantic music - especially in Germany had been tending toward atonality 2: chromatic melody lines & chord progressions - ie. Wagner - had resulted in passages lacking a perceived tonal center b) Atonal refers to music not based on the harmonic & melodic relationships revolving around a key center 1: note the term in not applied to "serial music" - music built on the 12 Tone Row 2: from 1908-1923 he composed atonal music - based upon "composing with the tones of a motive" with each motive have three or more pitches i- theorists later developed the concept of "pitch-class set" to describe the collection of notes from which melodies or harmonies were formed
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An Outline of The History of Wester
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Ancient Greece and Rome Through Ren
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(1) Cult of Apollo - lyre (2) Cult
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i) Current belief is that the churc
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) Performance Classification (1) An
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(2) When the melodies are melismas,
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i) They sang, played, and danced to
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1. Organum Purum a) The lower voice
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(9) Phrase endings of different voi
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2. Technical Achievements a) Codifi
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d) Polyphonic virelais, rondeaux, &
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(3) Characterized by graceful vocal
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c) Knowledge of 14th Century Englis
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d) Prestige of the Burgundian Court
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c) Continued the treble dominated s
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(1) Brought in the most talented co
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a) Pertrucci's 1st publication (1)
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iv) Bass took over the foundation o
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a- the most important genre of Ital
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g) Cipriano de Rore (1516-1565) - e
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(2) monophonic art of the Minnesing
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(4) Vicentino, Rore, & Lasso (pupil
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a- essential step in this developme
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d- German hymns replaced most to th
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(1) texts were translated by Clème
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i) corresponds to the Latin motet i
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Baroque
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ii) Bach & Handel owed much to the
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) typical texture of the Baroque pe
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(2) Giovanni Bardi (1534-1612) one
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(2) in his Orfeo of 1647 the antiqu
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3. Formal articulation was achieved
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iii) Jocob Handl (1550-1591) active
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ii) passacaglia iii) chaconne iv) c
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ii) melody would receive different
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a) Venitian (1) Pietro Francesco Ca
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(2) his librettist - playwright Jea
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c) Serenata - a semi dramatic piece
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) Charles II particularly liked sol
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(3) Andreas Hammerschmidt (1611-167
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h- Jan Adam Reincken (1623-1722) i-
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iv) Chaconne - a stately movement i
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ii) solo instruments were also usua
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c) Francesco Germiniani (1687-1762)
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c) Leipzig (1723-1750) - as Cantor
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An Outline of The History of Western Music Grout ... - The Reel Score

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