An Outline of The History of Western Music Grout ... - The Reel Score

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a) César Franck (1822-1890) - introduced some mildly chromatic innovations in harmony and systematically applied the cyclical method b) Vincent d'Indy (1851-1931) - Franck's leading pupil & held faithfully to his ideals and methods c) Ernest Chausson (1855-1899) - carried on Franck's exploration of cyclical forms and adventurous harmonies 3. The French Tradition a) Essentially Classic 1: regarding music as a sonorous form rather than expression 2: order & restraint are fundamental b) Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921) - a facility in managing Classic forms c) Jules Massenet (1842-1912) - similar eclectic approach as Saint-Saëns d) Gabriel Fauré (1845-1924) 1: founder of the National Society for French Music, president of the Independent M-usical Society, studied composition with Saint-Saéns 2: Influenced later composers through his pupils Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) and Nadia Boulanger (1887-1979) 4. The Later Tradition a) Impressionism 1: first applied to a school of French painting that flourished from about 1880 to the end of the century - chief representative was Claude Monet (1840-1926) 2: music aimed to evoke moods and sensuous impressions mainly through harmony and tone color i- did not seek to express deeply felt emotion or tell a story ii- rather to evoke a mood, a fleeting sentiment, an atmosphere iii- each chord was conceived as a sonorous unit in a phrase whose structure was determined more by melodic shape or color value 3: relied on allusion and understatement - the antithesis of the forthright, energetic, deep expressions of the Romantics 4: composers for whom impressionism had a more conspicuous or lasting effect i- Charles Martin Loeffler (1861-1935) - American ii- Ernes Bloch (1880-1959) - Swiss-American iii- Charles Griffes (1884-1920) - American iv- Karol Szymanowski (1882-1937) - Polish v- Arnold Bax (1883-1935) - English vi- Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936) - Italian vii- Franz Schreker (1878-1934) - Austrian b) Claude Debussy (1862-1918) 1: one of the most potent influences on the course of 20th century music 2: Impressionism was one aspect of his style - often over emphasised 3: early influences on his style i- immediate background included Franck, Saint-Saëns, Emmanuel Chabrier (1841-1894) as well comtemporary French painters and poets who impacted his thinking
i- immediate background included Franck, Saint-Saëns, Emmanuel Chabrier (1841-1894) as well comtemporary French painters and poets who impacted his thinking ii- admired Wagner but was coupled with revulsion against his bombastic rhetoric 4: like the impressionistic painters he was fascinated with atmosphere, color, & light 5: changes that Debussy introduced in harmonic and orchestral usage made him one of the seminal forces in the history of music c) Erik Satie (1866-1925) - sprearheaded a movement that was anti-impressionist though not altogether anti-Debussy d) Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) 1: adopted some impressionist techniques but was more attracted to clean melodic contours, distinct rhythms, and firm structures - his harmony is functional 2: a partiality for Classic Forms 5. Other Composers a) Paul Dukas (1865-1935) - in the Franck-d'Indy line b) Florent Schmitt (1870-1958) - the one French composer of this period who shows some kinship with the German late Romantics c) Albert Roussel (1869-1937) - his later works show the then current trend toward neo-Classicism E. Italian Opera 1. Verismo in Italian opera a) literally "truthism" it is sometimes translated as "realism" or "naturalism" b) the librettos present everyday people in familiar situations acting violently under the impulse of primitive emotions c) short-lived, verism had some parallels or repercussions in France & Germany 2. Composers a) Pietro Mascagni (1863-1945) - Cavalleria rusticana, 1890 b) Ruggero Lioncavallo (1858-1919) - I Pagliacci, 1892 c) Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) - only some of his operas fall into this category - Tosca, 1900; Il Tabarro, 1918 II. The European Mainstream in the Twentieth Century A. Introduction 1. Political/Historical background after WW I a) Britain & France sustained enormous losses in human life & material resources b) The United States had a financial boom following the war but the Great Depression soon followed in 1929 c) The period of peace (1918-1939) following the war was marked by increasing international tensions 2. Music developments after WW I a) marked by bold innovation - the seeds sown in the earlier period 1: Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) - gave up the major-minor system of relationships (tonality)
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An Outline of The History of Wester
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Ancient Greece and Rome Through Ren
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(1) Cult of Apollo - lyre (2) Cult
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i) Current belief is that the churc
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) Performance Classification (1) An
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(2) When the melodies are melismas,
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i) They sang, played, and danced to
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1. Organum Purum a) The lower voice
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(9) Phrase endings of different voi
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2. Technical Achievements a) Codifi
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d) Polyphonic virelais, rondeaux, &
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(3) Characterized by graceful vocal
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c) Knowledge of 14th Century Englis
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d) Prestige of the Burgundian Court
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c) Continued the treble dominated s
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(1) Brought in the most talented co
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a) Pertrucci's 1st publication (1)
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iv) Bass took over the foundation o
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a- the most important genre of Ital
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g) Cipriano de Rore (1516-1565) - e
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(2) monophonic art of the Minnesing
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(4) Vicentino, Rore, & Lasso (pupil
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a- essential step in this developme
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d- German hymns replaced most to th
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(1) texts were translated by Clème
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i) corresponds to the Latin motet i
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Baroque
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ii) Bach & Handel owed much to the
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) typical texture of the Baroque pe
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(2) Giovanni Bardi (1534-1612) one
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(2) in his Orfeo of 1647 the antiqu
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3. Formal articulation was achieved
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iii) Jocob Handl (1550-1591) active
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ii) passacaglia iii) chaconne iv) c
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ii) melody would receive different
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a) Venitian (1) Pietro Francesco Ca
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(2) his librettist - playwright Jea
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c) Serenata - a semi dramatic piece
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) Charles II particularly liked sol
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(3) Andreas Hammerschmidt (1611-167
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h- Jan Adam Reincken (1623-1722) i-
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iv) Chaconne - a stately movement i
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ii) solo instruments were also usua
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