An Outline of The History of Western Music Grout ... - The Reel Score

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I. European Music From The 1870's To World War I A. Background 1. Europe relatively peaceful and stable in the late 1800's a) increasing social unrest & international tension marked 1st two decades of the 20th century b) culminated in WWI (1914-1918) 2. Same period saw radical experiments in music with composers challenging the conventions of tonality that ruled the 18th & 19th centuries - effectively bringing the Classic/Romantic period to a close B. The German Tradition 1. Wagner held enormous fascination for European musicians - most of them struggled to find their own solutions while making use of his advances in harmony and orchestration 2. Hugo Wolf (1860-1903) - adapted Wagner's methods with discrimination, achieving the fusion of voice & instrument without sacrificing either to the other 3. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) a) Symphonies are long, formally complex, and programatic 1: used many programmatic and operatic elements, but essentially held to the traditional symphony made up of several distinct movemtents 2: the form was determined by principles of musical architure 3: he was the last in the line of German Symphonists that extended from Haydn through Bruckner b) Showed great imagination and daring in combining instruments - comparable only to Berlioz c) He inherited all the Romantic traditions of Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner; the Viennese branch of Beethoven, Schubert, Brahms, & Bruckner 1: expanded the symphony, symphony oratorio, and orchestral lied 2: cleared the path for the new age that became the prime influence on Schoenberg, Berg, & Webern 4. Richard Strauss (1864-1949) a) Universally recognized as the dominant figure in German musical life during the first part of the century 1: attached himself to the more radical Romantic genre of the symphonic poem 2: chief models were Berlioz & Liszt b) Symphonic Poems 1: Two kinds of Symphonic Poems - the two types cannot be strictly differentiated as each often share elements i- Philosophical a: the realm of general ideas and emotions b: lends itself well to music ii- Descriptive a: represents in music specific nonmusical events b: more difficult to realize musically with danger of producing a work that is merely curiosity when the event being described is definite and specific or when natural sounds are concerned i.e. Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony
: more difficult to realize musically with danger of producing a work that is merely curiosity when the event being described is definite and specific or when natural sounds are concerned i.e. Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony 2: Strauss wrote both types c) Operas 1: leaped into fame as opera composer with Salome in 1905 2: began a long and fruitful collaboration with Viennese playwright Hugo von Homannsthal (1874-1929) with Elektra in 1908 5. Fairy-tale opera revival in Germany - Engelbert Humperdinck (1854-1921) - Hänsel und Gretel 6. Other Composers a) Max Reger (1873-1916) b) Hans Pfitzner (1869-1949) C. National Trends 1. Nationalism had already emerged in the 18th century in both cultural affairs and music 2. The Napoleonic wars (1796-1809) a) at first encouraged national movements but soon the French administration became the target of liberation movements b) in the german speaking territories the number of tiny states was reduced to about 40 making unification easier - though still impractical c) in Italy, Napoleon drove the Austrians out of the north but Italy was still ruled by Spanish kings, the papacy, the Hapsburg Empire, & France till unification in 1870 d) Bohemia (Czech & Slovak Republics), Poland, & Hungary remained under Hapsburg rule and were in continual political & religious turmoil e) a sense of pride in language & literature formed part of the national consciousness that led to German & Italian reunification 3. During the 18th century composers aspired to styles fashionable in other countries as well as their own - a universal European musical language a) Bach wrote much of his music in an Italian or French style - while his church music reflected a strong Lutheran & German orientation b) Viennese composers of the Classic Period reflected the tastes of the Habsburg rulers and society around the imperial court 1: fond of Italian opera, French Theater & ballet, Italian & German orchestal music 2: as well as the dance and popular music of Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, and Croatia 4. This began to change in the 19th Century a) Wagner & Verdi define there respective national styles b) interest in folklore and the use of traditional & popular songs in art music is also associated with 19th century nationalism - though not exclusive to this period 5. Russia a) Background 1: until the 19th century, secular art music in Russia was largely in the hands of imported Italian, French, or German composers 2: the first composer recognized by both Europeans & Russians as an authentic native voice was Mikhail Glinka (1804-1857)
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An Outline of The History of Wester
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Ancient Greece and Rome Through Ren
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(1) Cult of Apollo - lyre (2) Cult
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i) Current belief is that the churc
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) Performance Classification (1) An
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(2) When the melodies are melismas,
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i) They sang, played, and danced to
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1. Organum Purum a) The lower voice
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(9) Phrase endings of different voi
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2. Technical Achievements a) Codifi
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d) Polyphonic virelais, rondeaux, &
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(3) Characterized by graceful vocal
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c) Knowledge of 14th Century Englis
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d) Prestige of the Burgundian Court
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c) Continued the treble dominated s
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(1) Brought in the most talented co
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a) Pertrucci's 1st publication (1)
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iv) Bass took over the foundation o
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a- the most important genre of Ital
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g) Cipriano de Rore (1516-1565) - e
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(2) monophonic art of the Minnesing
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(4) Vicentino, Rore, & Lasso (pupil
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a- essential step in this developme
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d- German hymns replaced most to th
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(1) texts were translated by Clème
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i) corresponds to the Latin motet i
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Baroque
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ii) Bach & Handel owed much to the
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) typical texture of the Baroque pe
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(2) Giovanni Bardi (1534-1612) one
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(2) in his Orfeo of 1647 the antiqu
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3. Formal articulation was achieved
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iii) Jocob Handl (1550-1591) active
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ii) passacaglia iii) chaconne iv) c
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ii) melody would receive different
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a) Venitian (1) Pietro Francesco Ca
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(2) his librettist - playwright Jea
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c) Serenata - a semi dramatic piece
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) Charles II particularly liked sol
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(3) Andreas Hammerschmidt (1611-167
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h- Jan Adam Reincken (1623-1722) i-
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Page 87 and 88: c) Francesco Germiniani (1687-1762)
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Page 95 and 96: c) Baroque - J.S. Bach (1685-1750),
Page 97 and 98: 2. Musical Rhetoric a) first decade
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Page 103 and 104: c) composers 1: early: J.J. Quantz
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Page 113 and 114: I. Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827)
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Page 117 and 118: a) some 19th century writers consid
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Page 145 and 146: 3. also used "pointillism" a) spare
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An Outline of The History of Western Music Grout ... - The Reel Score

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