An Outline of The History of Western Music Grout ... - The Reel Score

: more difficult to realize musically with danger of producing a work that is
merely curiosity when the event being described is definite and specific or
when natural sounds are concerned i.e. Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony
2: Strauss wrote both types
c) Operas
1: leaped into fame as opera composer with Salome in 1905
2: began a long and fruitful collaboration with Viennese playwright Hugo von
Homannsthal (1874-1929) with Elektra in 1908
5. Fairy-tale opera revival in Germany - Engelbert Humperdinck (1854-1921) - Hänsel
und Gretel
6. Other Composers
a) Max Reger (1873-1916)
b) Hans Pfitzner (1869-1949)
C. National Trends
1. Nationalism had already emerged in the 18th century in both cultural affairs and
music
2. The Napoleonic wars (1796-1809)
a) at first encouraged national movements but soon the French administration
became the target of liberation movements
b) in the german speaking territories the number of tiny states was reduced to about
40 making unification easier - though still impractical
c) in Italy, Napoleon drove the Austrians out of the north but Italy was still ruled by
Spanish kings, the papacy, the Hapsburg Empire, & France till unification in 1870
d) Bohemia (Czech & Slovak Republics), Poland, & Hungary remained under
Hapsburg rule and were in continual political & religious turmoil
e) a sense of pride in language & literature formed part of the national consciousness
that led to German & Italian reunification
3. During the 18th century composers aspired to styles fashionable in other countries as
well as their own - a universal European musical language
a) Bach wrote much of his music in an Italian or French style - while his church music
reflected a strong Lutheran & German orientation
b) Viennese composers of the Classic Period reflected the tastes of the Habsburg
rulers and society around the imperial court
1: fond of Italian opera, French Theater & ballet, Italian & German orchestal music
2: as well as the dance and popular music of Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, and
Croatia
4. This began to change in the 19th Century
a) Wagner & Verdi define there respective national styles
b) interest in folklore and the use of traditional & popular songs in art music is also
associated with 19th century nationalism - though not exclusive to this period
5. Russia
a) Background
1: until the 19th century, secular art music in Russia was largely in the hands of
imported Italian, French, or German composers
2: the first composer recognized by both Europeans & Russians as an authentic
native voice was Mikhail Glinka (1804-1857)