THE RADIOCHEMISTRY OF PLUTONIUM - Sciencemadness.org

More documents

Recommendations

Info

B, 1. TABLE VI- 31, Techniques for Measuring Alpha Radioactivity (Contl d) Method Application A dvant ages Disadvantages Alpha Energy Measurement Magnetic deflection alpha Energy measurement - Very high precision Large, expensive equipspectrometer mainly for determination and accuracy. ment. Requires photoof energy spectrum. graphic technique for recording data. Counting tracks is tedious and time-consuming. Very low geometry. Thin sample required. 2. Total ionization and pulse analysis. Frisch grid ionization chamber 3. Semiconductor charged particle detector Energy measurement - Convenient, easy to Requires gas purificadetermination of isotope use. High geometry - tion. ratios. up to 5070. Tolerates large area sources. Resolution can be improved by collimation. Energy measurement - Very convenient - isotope ratios. capable of high resolution. Requires low gecmetrY. for high resolution. Detector may become irreversibly contaminated by volatile radioactivity.
Solvent extraction of Pu into a liquid scintillator has been proposed aa a method to eliminate source preparation in radiochemical procedures. 135,403 The determination of the @ activity of Pu 241 . n low-level biological samples by this method has been reported. 256 The incorporation of a scintillator in the polymerization of an ion-exchange resin has been reported 172 (see page 61 for details). Scintillation counting of the weak 0.4 MeV gamma-ray in Pu 239 by NaI detectors has been used to monitor the concentration of RI in process streams. 123 VII. SAFETY CONSIDEFUiTIONS Hazards to personnel who work with Pu in the laboratory arise prtiarfiy from two causes. First, Pu is extremely poisonous because of its high specific alpha activity, long biological half-life, and tendency to concentrate in the bone. Second, inadvertent criticality may occur. A full discussion of these hazards is beyond the scope of this re- view, but some general comments concerning precautions and techniques can be made. The subject of personnel monitoring and radiation surveying has been treated by Morgan. Appleton and Dunster 32 have written a manual on the safe handling of Pu. A. Radioactive Safety The prbnary hazard is due to the possibility of ingestion, since the alpha particles are eaHily shielded and the gamma radiation associated with the common long-lived isotopes is alight. The hazard is better stated in terms of the activity level rather t.lmn the mass, since “tie biological damage is done by the alpha radioactivity and the isotopic composition of Pu varies widely. Table VU-32 lists body burdens and mtimum permissible concentrations (MPC) of Pu isotopes for continuous occupational exposure. These data are taken from the National Bureau of Standards Handbook 69, which should be consulted for detafls. TABLE VII-32. Health Hazard Data for Plutonium Isotopes. Maximum Permissible Mtimum Permissible Concentration for 40- Body Burden in Bone hour week Isotope (microcuries) (microcuries/cc) Water Air PU238 soluble 0.04 10-4 2 x 10-’2 PU239, PU240, PU242 ~241 insoluble 8 X 10-4 ‘a) 3 x 10-” ~) soluble 0.9 7 x 10-3 9 x 10-’1 insoluble (a) Assuming the gastro-intestinal tract to be the critical organ. (b) Assuming the lung to be the critical organ 102 0.04 (=J 4 x 10’6 ~) 291
Page 1 and 2:
1National Academy of Sciences Natio
Page 3 and 4:
The Radiochemistry of Plutonium. Ge
Page 5 and 6:
PREFACE This report has been prepar
Page 7 and 8:
Procedures (Continued) CONTENTS (Co
Page 9 and 10:
IL GENEWL REVDZWS OF THE RADIWHEMIS
Page 11 and 12:
IV. CHEMISTRY OF PLUTONIUM OF SPECI
Page 13 and 14:
Solution TABLE IV-2. Behavior of PU
Page 15 and 16:
* Compiled primarily from the revie
Page 17 and 18:
TABLE IV-6. Oxidation-Reduction Rea
Page 19 and 20:
c.. Pu(IV)+ Pu(VI) Reagents Solutio
Page 21 and 22:
Concentration Equilibrium Constant
Page 23 and 24:
PU+4 has approximately the same ten
Page 25 and 26:
TABLE IV- 9. Ionic Potential of Plu
Page 27 and 28:
TABLE IV- 11. Stabflity Conetants o
Page 29 and 30:
TABLE IV- 12. Stability Constants o
Page 31 and 32:
D. 1 Co-precipitation and Precipita
Page 33 and 34:
is first oxidized to Pu(VI) with so
Page 35 and 36:
oxygen in the ratio 1:3. If an exce
Page 37 and 38:
the TBP cone entration. Solovkin 39
Page 39 and 40:
D, l? D Ic n. 0 5 10 Concentration
Page 41 and 42:
D 103 ~ ,.2 _ 10 I H ,0-1 ~ / P / P
Page 43 and 44:
100( I0( 1( D 1.( 0. 0.0 0.00 Nltrl
Page 45 and 46:
Table IV- 16. (Continued) Extractan
Page 47 and 48:
Table IV-16. (Continued) Extr actan
Page 49 and 50:
In this equation, HA represents any
Page 51 and 52:
X[N05] = [HN03] ‘( ~ ~[N03] = HN0
Page 53 and 54:
Di-acidic compounds. Mono-2- ethylh
Page 55 and 56:
A may be either a simple anion or t
Page 57 and 58: n 104 d Id 10 I 10-1 , a ,,81 0.1 M
Page 59 and 60: The fact that Pu(III) does not extr
Page 61 and 62: Fig. 25. Extraction of elements as
Page 63 and 64: TABLE IV- 19. Distribution Coeffici
Page 65 and 66: 10~ I ~ 0.01~ D 0.001 : 0,0001 . La
Page 67 and 68: loi- 1“’’’’’’’”1
Page 69 and 70: TABLE IV- 22. Extraction of Plutoni
Page 71 and 72: m * Amideb N, N-Dihexylformamide N,
Page 73 and 74: dependence on the TTA concentration
Page 75 and 76: 1.0 D 0.1 —--L~,20 HNOO; CO&NT R
Page 77 and 78: cupferron, followed by back extract
Page 79 and 80: . more. Siekierski and Taube, 381 a
Page 81 and 82: TABLE IV- 27. Slope of the Dependen
Page 83 and 84: polymerization of the resin to prov
Page 85 and 86: co ; n 1000L z - 100 z o ~ m oL x z
Page 87 and 88: Volume distribution coefficient of
Page 89 and 90: affinity of several ions was Th(IV)
Page 91 and 92: 95% of Pu(IV) was removed from a 0.
Page 93 and 94: 2 d 1.0 I I I 1 I I 1 ,, , , I II r
Page 95 and 96: X“ 104 , 1 1 1 1 1 .— .-. I Ioa
Page 97 and 98: 200 100 50 20 I O.10 ~ $ NPIX PUIIT
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 54. Adsorption of the elements
Page 101 and 102: Toribara et al. 403 used a liquid s
Page 103 and 104: V. DISSOLUTION OF PLUTON17JM SAMPLE
Page 105 and 106: m m TABLE VI- 30. Source Preparatio
Page 107: o 0 TAIIT.E VI-31. Techniques for M
Page 111 and 112: TABLE VII-33. Basic Data for Critic
Page 113 and 114: Procedure No. 6. 7. 8. 9a, 9b , Aut
Page 115 and 116: Procedure 1. Determination of Pu in
Page 117 and 118: (e) (f) (g) (h) Where C v E The pre
Page 119 and 120: Procedure 2. Separation and determi
Page 121 and 122: Procedure 3. Separation and determi
Page 123 and 124: Procedure 4. Plutonium R. J. Morrow
Page 125 and 126: Procedure 5. Plutonium D. C, Hoffma
Page 127 and 128: Procedure m. Pipet tie samples (2~i
Page 129 and 130: Procedure 6. Separation of Plutoniu
Page 131 and 132: Procedure 7. Determination of Pu (R
Page 133 and 134: Procedure 8. Uranium and Plutonium
Page 135 and 136: 15. Add 3 drops of HC1 and 1 drop o
Page 137 and 138: Procedure 9b. Separation of Plutoni
Page 139 and 140: Procedure 11. Uranium and Plutonium
Page 141 and 142: Procedure 12. Plutonium from Enviro
Page 143 and 144: 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
Page 145 and 146: 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 16.
Page 147 and 148: Procedure 14. Separation of Plutoni
Page 149 and 150: Procedure 15. Separation of Pu befo
Page 151 and 152: Procedure 16. Separation of Plutoni
Page 153 and 154: Appendix (m) (n) (o) (P) Purificati
Page 155 and 156: Procedure 17. Separation of Np and
Page 157 and 158: Procedure 19. Determination of Plut
Page 159 and 160:
NOTE: Reporting Results Results are
Page 161 and 162:
Notes .. 1. 2. 3. The element prase
Page 163 and 164:
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13
Page 165 and 166:
Procedure 22. Determination of Amer
Page 167 and 168:
concentrated nitric acid in a block
Page 169 and 170:
Preparation of Sample The 24-hr or
Page 171 and 172:
Procedure 24. Determination of Plut
Page 173 and 174:
Procedure 25. Determination of Plut
Page 175 and 176:
“The Actinide Elements” (McGraw
Page 177 and 178:
48. D. H. Boase, J. K. Foreman, and
Page 179 and 180:
108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113, 114.
Page 181 and 182:
159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165.
Page 183 and 184:
217. W. E. Keder, J. Inorg. Nucl. C
Page 185 and 186:
279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285.
Page 187 and 188:
339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345.
Page 189 and 190:
397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403.
Page 191 and 192:
451. C. E. Honey, Jr., R. N. R. Mul
show all

THE RADIOCHEMISTRY OF PLUTONIUM - Sciencemadness.org

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?