constituent assembly of india debates (proceedings)- volume vii

cannot provide enough labour for terracing work. Attempts have however been made to introduce
terracing and improved methods of cultivation as well as the growing of fruits, and there is little doubt
that good progress will soon be feasible in these directions. A certain amount of political consciousness
has also developed among the tribes, and we were much impressed by the demand of the Abor in the
Sadiya Frontier Tract for representation in the provincial legislature. The idea of Government by the
people through their chosen representatives is not a totally new conception to most of the hill people
whose ways of life Centre around the tribal and village councils, and what is required now is really an
understanding of the mechanism and implications as well as the responsibilities of the higher stages of
administration and the impracticability as well as the undesirable results of small groups of rural
population being entrusted with too much responsibility. Generally speaking, it can be stated that all the
excluded areas of the province, not taking into account at this stage the frontier and tribal areas, have
reached the stage of development when they can exercise their votes as intelligently as the people of the
plains. On the ground of inability to understand or exercise the franchise therefore, there is absolutely no
justification for keeping the excluded areas in that condition any longer.
As regards the Frontier Tracts, not only has there been little education except in the fringes or plains
portions, but administration has yet to be fully established over large tracts and the tribes freed from
feuds or raids among themselves and from the encroachment and oppression of Tibetan tax collectors.
The removal of the trade blocks set up by these Tibetans on the Indian side of the MacMahon Line
sometimes creates delicate situations. Thus the country is in many ways unripe for regular
administration. Only when the new five-year programmer has made good headway will there be an
adequate improvement in the position. Even the village councils in these tracts appear to be illorganised
and there seems to be little material as yet for local self-governing institutions though it may
be possible to find a few people who can speak for their tribe. The plains portions are however on a
different footing and the question of including them in the provincial administration needs careful
examination. For example, we are of the view that prima facie there is little justification to keep the
Saikhoaghat, the Sadiya plains portion and possibly portions of the BaliPara Frontier Tract under special
administration.
4. THE HILL PEOPLE'S VIEWS -
Though the Constituent Assembly Secretariat and we ourselves, issued a leaflet to provide
information and create interest in the political future of India, the Constituent Assembly's functions and
the objects of our tour, the Hill people, even of the Excluded Areas, were not found lacking in political
consciousness. Perhaps not without instigation by certain elements, this consciousness has even instilled
ideas of an independent status the external relations under which would be governed by treaty or
agreement only. In the Lushai Hills District the idea of the Superintendent who constituted himself the
President of the "District Conference" which he himself had convened (see par. 5 Part II) was that the
District should manage all affairs with the exception of defence in regard to which it should enter into an
agreement with the Government of India A "Constitution" based on this principle was later drafted by the
Conference. (The great majority of the Lushai however cannot be regarded as holding these views and it
is doubtful if the District Conference represents the views of anybody other than certain officials and
chiefs). In the Naga Hills, although the original resolution as passed by the Naga National Council at
Wokha contemplated the administration of the area more or less like other parts of Assam, a demand
was subsequently put forward for "an interim Government of the Naga people" under the protection of a
benevolent "guardian power" who would provide funds for development and defence for a period often
years after which the Naga people would decide what they would do with themselves. Here again it
seems to us clear that the views of a small group of people, following the vogue in the Naga Hills of
decisions being taken by general agreement and not by majority-gained the acceptance of the National
Council, for little more purpose than that of presenting a common front. In other areas more moderate
views prevail. In the Garo Hills the draft constitution asked for all powers of government including
taxation, administration of justice etc. to be vested in the legal council and the only link proposed with