1 Earliest Rome

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6.2 A record of sacrifice Cttvi.2107, lines 2-13; /I55048 6.2 A record of sacrifice The inscribed record of the rituals of the Arval Brothers includes numerous accounts of sacrifices, performed on a variety of occasions - not only those car ried out atrhe annual festival of the Arvals' goddess, Dea Dia (see 4.5). but also regular sacrifices 'for the well-being' (pro salute) of the emperor and his family, as well as those commemorating particular events affecting the priesthood or the emperor (military victory, for example, or the birth of imperial children). Here they record a series of 'expiatory' sacrifices offered in A.D. 224, when repair work after lightning damage in the grove demanded that several trees of the sacred grove be uprooted and destroyed. See further: Vol. 1, 194-6; Scheid (1990) 285-676. Compare also the record of sacrifices in the inscription of the Saecular Games (5.7b). Seven days before the Ides of November
6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda was die deity who presided over the burning of trees; Coinqtiend.i over the felling uf trees. For deities of this tvpe. see further 2.2c. 9. The Caesnrcum (see 4-5). 10. This includes must of the deified emperors (and members of their family), stretching back ro the deified Julius Caesar. It probably excludes such minor hgures as the infant daughter of Nero (deified A. 15. 63). See 2.8; 9.2; 9.3b. 6.3 Private sacrifice Sacrifice was also a ritual performed privately, with or without the aid of a priest. These extracts illustrate the wide range of contexts in which the private ritual played a part, and the wide range of attitudes which it could evoke - from humble piety to despair at its expense. See further: on the contexts for, and ritual of, private sacrifice, Orr (1978)*. 6.3a 'Suovetaurilia' on the farm Cato, On Agriculture 141 In this passage of his handbook On Agriculture Cato describes the formula of prayer to be used when purifying farmland with a suovetaurilia - the sacrifice together of a pig (sres), ram (ovis) and bull (taunts). The suovetaurilia was commonly associated with both private and public rituals of purification — including the purification of an atmy before battle, or of the city itself after a prodigy. See further: Vol. 1, 49; Dumezil (1970) 237-40 (on Indian parallels for the suovetaurilia); Scullard (1981) 84, 124-5*. This is the procedure prescribed for purifying the land. Order the suovetaurilia to be driven round the land, using these words: 'With the good will of the gods, and so that the result may be favourable. 1 bid you, Manius, 1 to take care to purify my farm, my land, my ground with this suovetaurilia, over whatever area you judge that they should be driven or carried around.' Pray first to Janus and Jupiter with an offering of wine, then speak as follows: 'Mars Pater, 2 1 pray and beseech you to be favorable and kind to me, my house and our household; for this reason I have bidden a suovetaurilia to be driven around my land, ground and farm, that you may prevent, ward off and avert diseases, visible and invisible, dearth and destruction, ruin and storm, and that you permit the crops, com, vineyards and plantations to grow and flourish, and that you keep safe the shepherds and their sheep, and grant good health and strength to me, my house and our household. In respect of these things, in respect of purifying my farm, ground and land, and performing the purification, as I have said, be honoured 1 by the sacrifice of the stickling victims of this suovetaurilia? Mars Pater, in respect of the same things, be honoured by the suckling victims of this suovetaurilia. So also pile up the offerings with the knife and see that the cake is close at hand; 5 then bring up the victims. When you sacrifice the pig, the iamb and the calf, the words prescribed are as follows: 'In respect of 152
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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