1 Earliest Rome

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Livy, History XXX1X.8-14 (abridged) 12.1 The cult of Bacchus accusations against secret religious groups, being made later (for example) against the Christians (11.1 Id). The following year diverted the consuls Spurius Postumius Albinus and Quintus Marcius Philippus from the army and concern for wars and provinces to the repression of an internal conspiracy . . . The senate decreed that both consuls should undertake an enquiry into secret conspiracies. A lowborn Greek came first to Etruria, a man with none of the many skills which that most learned of all nations has introduced among us for the tending of mind and body, but a mere sacrificer and fortune-teller; nor was he even someone who fills minds with error by publicizing his religio and professing openly his business and teachings, but an overseer of secret and nocturnal rites. There were initiations which were at first imparted only to a few, but then began to spread widely among men and women. To religio were added the pleasures of wine and feasting, to entice more people in. When wine had inflamed them, at night with males mingled with females, young with old, and when all sense of modesty was extinguished, all types of indecency began to occur, since each person had to hand the pleasure to satisfy the cravings to which he was naturally most inclined. Nor was there just one type of vice, the promiscuous sex between freeborn men and women: false witnesses, forged seals, wills and evidence also emerged from the same workshop; also poisonings and domestic killings, of such a sort that sometimes not even the bodies remained for burial. Much was ventured by trickery, more by violence, which was concealed because the voices of those crying for help amid the sex and murders could never be heard over the wails and the beat of drums and clash of cymbals. (9) The damaging effects of this evil spread from Etruria to Rome like a plague. At first the size of the city, which could accommodate and tolerate such evils, kept them hidden, but finally information reached the consul Postumius in the following manner.
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S Anyone who was less prepared for disgrace and slow to commit crimes was offered up as a sacrifice. To consider nothing wrong was (she continued) the principal tenet of their religio. Men, as if insane, prophesied with wild convulsions of their bodies; married women in the dress of Bacchants with streaming hair ran down to the Tiber carrying burning torches, which they dipped into the water and brought out still alight (because they contained live sulphur mixed with calcium). People were said to have been carried off by gods; they had been strapped to a machine and snatched from sight to hidden caves. Those seized were people who had refused to join in conspiracy or participate in crimes or engage in sex. It was (she said) a great crowd, almost a second state, including some nobles, both male and female. Within the last two years it had been resolved that no one aged over twenty should be initiated; people of this age were sought as being inclined to both erroneous ways and sexual indulgence. (14) . . . When both witnesses were thus under his supervision, Postumius reported the matter to the senate. He laid out everything In detail, starting with the first report and going on to what he himself had discovered. Great panic seized the senators, both in relation to the state, for fear that these conspiracies and nocturnal gatherings might produce some hidden treachery or danger, and also privately in relation to his own family in case any member might be involved in the crime. ILS18; ILLRP 511 12.1b An inscribed copy of the senatorial decree (186 B.C.) The text of the senatorial decree against the Bacchic cult is preserved on an ,.. inscribed bronze tablet found in south Italy. The senate did not ban the cult entirely, but strictly regulated its organization and activities. This particular version, though it is evidently close to the original, was in fact addressed to the towns of Italy still at this date independent of Rome. [Quintus] Marcius, son of Lucius, and Spurius Postumius, son of Lucius, consuls, consulted the senate on the Nones of October in the temple of Bellona. Present at the drafting were Marcus Claudius, son of Marcus, Lucius Valerius, son of Publius, and Quintus Minucius, son of Gaius. (2) Concerning the Bacchic shrines they decreed that the following proclamation be issued to those who were bound by treaty: 'None of them shall seek to have a Bacchic shrine. But if there are some who say it is essential for them to have a Bacchic shrine, they should appear before the urban praetor 1 in Rome, and our senate, when it has heard their case, should pass a decree on this matter, so long as not less than one hundred senators are present when the matter is considered. No man, be he Roman citizen, of Latin status 2 290 or one of the allies, shall seek to be present among the
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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