1 Earliest Rome

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3-3 The calendar of Rome Circus Maximus and the festival became fixed on this day. By the hist century B.C. the games lasted six days, until 3 May (Ovid, Fasli v.183-378; Lc Bonniec (1958) 197-202; Ziolkowski (1992) 31—3) - The Augustan festival of Vesta was established on the same day in 12 B.C. (SeeVol. 1, 189-91). 3.3c Almanac from Rome (first century A.D.) This almanac' was inscribed on four sides of a large stone, with zodiacal signs (Aries for April) at the head of each month. It is quite different from the official state calendars. Although it notes a few festivals (here, for example, the Parilia), it does not include an entry for each day - recording instead information on the structure of the month and its days. See further: Brotighton (1936); translation of whole text in Sherk (1988) 253-6. 7158745; Degrassi (1963) 288 Month of April. Thirty days. Nones on the fifth. Day of hours; Night of 10^ hours. Sun in Aries. Protector: Venus. Sheep are purified. 1 Sacrifice to Pharia, also the Sarapia. 2 1. The Parilia, 21 April (3.3a n.6; 5.1). 2, Isis Pharia, named alter the Pharos or Lighthouse of Alexandria. On the Serapeia (Sarapia) see 3.3d n.7. Probably, neither of these festivals were part of the 'official' cal endar at this date (Vol. 1, 250-1). 3.3d The Calendar of Filocalus (A.D. 354) This calendar, which forms part of a book presented to a senator in A.D, 354, records the public religious festivals of Rome; 3.6 is a Christian calendar in the same book. There are some significant changes from the earlier examples. The days for public business are no longer recorded (apart from two senatorial meetings). On the other hand, two extra columns of letters have been added: the first running from A to K marking the lunar cycle; the second, a seven-day sequence from A to G. This 'week' emerged from rural Italian contexts onto official calendars in the first century A.D. Also recorded is some astronomical information (Egyptian days; the Sun moving into the Bull); as well as festivals dating back to the republican and earlier imperial periods. This suggests (though it does not of course prove) that these traditional festivals were still being celebrated in fourth-century Rome. 67
3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (1963) 245 See further: Vol. 1, 378-80, 382-3; Stern (1953); Salzman (1990)*; note also Salzman (1990) 242-5 on the Calendar of Polemius Silvius (A.D. 448-9). Month of April 30 days G C Kalends of April Venerafia. 1 A D IIII Nones Games. Stated meeting of senate. B B E III Birthday of god Quirinus. 2 Circus shows with 24 races. Egyptian day. 3 C F Day before Megalesian games. 4 D G Nones Games. C E H VIII Ides Games. F A VII G B VI Birthday of Castor and Pollux. 2 Circus shows, with 24 races. D A C V Games. B D IIII Megalesian games. Circus shows, with 24 ract C E III Birthday of divus Severus. 5 24 races. Circus shows, wit! E D F Day before Games of Ceres. Circus shows, with 24 races. E G Ides Games. Stated meeting of senate. F F H XVIII May Kal. Games. G A XVII Games. A B XVI Games. G B C XV Games. C D XIIII Games. Sun in Taurus. D E XIII Games of Ceres. Circus shows, with 24 races. H E F XII F G XI Birthday of the city. 6 Circus shows, with 24 G H X I A A IX B B VIII C C VII Serapia. 7 races. Egyptian day. 3 K D D VI Birthday of Marcus Antoninus. 8 Circus show; E E V F F IIII A G G III with 24 races. A H Day before Games of Flora. 68
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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