1 Earliest Rome

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2.8 Becoming a god emperors divine status; for Hercules himself was originally, so it was said, a mortal hero who achievedúxc rank of a god at his 'death'. Height, 1.18 m. See further: for the association of Commodus and Hercules, Vol. 1, 210; Beaujeu (1955) 400-10; Speidel (1993); for the sculpture and its context, Stuart Jones (1926) 139-42*; Fittschen and Zanker (1985) 85-90; TranquUle dimore(l986) 37-56, 88-91; D. Ε. E. Kleiner (1992) 276-7*. 1. Club and lionskin of Hercules. 2. In Commodus/Hercules' hand, the golden applcs of die Hesperides - which Hercules retrieved as one of his labours. 3. Globe, surrounded by a zodiacal band - showing Taurus, Capricorn and Scorpiu. The exact reference of these signs is uncertain; they presumably alluded to particularly important dates in Commodus' life and career. See Hannah (1986). 4. Crescent shicld, with points ending in eagles' heads: a type particularly associated with Amazons, the mychical race of warrior women. Towards the end of his life Commodus took the title Amazonius. 5. Crossed cornucopiae, heaped with fruit, symbolizing plenty. 6. Fcinale figure, pcrhaps an Amazon; the matching figure on the right is lost. 53
2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E 2.8d Euhemerism: a theory of the human origin of the gods One strand of ancient philosophical thinking argued that all the major gods of mythology had a human origin; that the gods had been great kings or benefac tors, deified on their death by a grateful people. This idea was particularly asso ciated with the name of Euhemerus, whose Greek account of the mortal descent of the gods (written 311-298 B.C.) was translated into Latin by the poet Ennius. 'Euhemerism' later, of course, played into the hands of Christian opponents of paganism, who saw it as a pagan admission that their gods were not really gods. Here the Christian Lactantius quotes a 'euhemeristic' account of the death of Jupiter. Lactantius, Divine Institutes 1.11.44 See further: Drachman (1922) 110-13*. So if we grasp the fact that - judging by his deeds and character — Jupiter was a man and ruled as king on earth, it only remains now to investigate his death as well. In Ennius' Holy History, once he has described all rhe deeds carried out by Jupiter during his life time, he has this to say at the end: 'Then, after Jupiter had travelled around the earth five times, divided his rule between his friends and relations, bequeathed laws and customs to men, provided corn and done many other good deeds, he was endowed with immortal glory and renown and left his friends eternal memorials of his reign. In extreme old age, he departed this life in Crete and went away to join the gods; and his sons, the Curetcs, tended and adorned his body. His tomb is in Crete in the town of Cnossus, a place said to have been founded by Vesta; and on his tomb there is an inscription in archaic Greek letters, reading ZAN KRONOU - that is, in Latin, "Jupiter son of Saturn".' 54 2.9 <strong>Rome</strong> and 'barbarian' deities The expansion of the Roman empire beyond the Graeco-Roman heartland of the Mediterranean brought the Romans into contact with a yet wider range of 'native' deities. This contact between Roman and native religions often resulted in the merging of the different traditions and their various gods and goddesses. This process (now sometimes referred to as 'syncretism 1 ) was not new. The early contacts between <strong>Rome</strong> and the Greek world had, after all, resulted in that range of equivalences between Roman and Greek deities that we now take for granted (Zeus and Jupiter; Aphrodite and Venus; Hermes and Mercury etc.). But wider expansion of the empire led to a process of syncretism on a much wider scale. See further: Vol. 1, 339-48; Fevrier (1976); R. L. Gordon (1990c)*.
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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