1 Earliest Rome

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Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 165-7 12.5 The mysteries of Mithras [Hail 1 ] to Salutius Lion. [Hail] to Marianus (?) Lion. Hail to Steturstadius Lion. Hail to Ianuarius Lion. On right wall. The first text is lost. Hail to Tinetlius Lion. Hail to Saturntus Lion. Hail to Horentius [Lion], 1. For Hail (Nama) sec 12.5c(i). 12.5h(iii) Beneath fresco of the seven grades. The texts below the image of the Father, at the beginning, and the Raven, at the end, are missing; cf. 12.5h(xv). For the association of grades and tutelary deities, see 12.5a. Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 166-9 Hail to Sun-runners under the protection of Sun. [Hail to Persians under the protection of Moon.] [Hail to Lions] under rhe protection of Jupiter. Hail to the fierce (?) Soldiers [under the protection of Mars], Hail to rhe Male brides under the protecrion of Venus. 12.5h(iv) Start of hymn to Eatth Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 187 Fertile earth, through whom Pales' procreates everything. < Or Fertile earth Pales who procreates everything^ 2 1. For Pales and the festival of the Pariliasee 3.3a n.6; 5.1; Vol. 1, 50, 53 and 174-6; Bets (1968) 65; Hackerhal (1968) 237-8. 2. After this line there follow indecipherable traces of two further lines. 12.5h(v) According to the iconography of the cult, Mithras shot an arrow at a rock, which caused a spring to How. This line is the only indication ol a Mithraic commentarv on this evenr. Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 193 See further: CIMRAllndex s.v. 'Mithras' water miracle'. You rock-bound spring that fed the twin brothers' with nectar. 2 1. The twin brothers are Cautes and Cauropates (12.5g n.9). 2. There follow traces of two further lines. 12.5h(vi) Mithras' capture of the bull was represented (in stucco) on the right wall of the cult niche in this sanctuary. This graffito seems to offer a commentary on that scene. Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 200 This young btdl which he carried on his golden 1 shoulders according to his wont (?). I. The adjective 'golden' niav also have been picked up visually (cf. the thick gilding on the face of Mithras on the marvellously preserved relief from below S. Stetano Rotoudo: 317
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S Lissi-Caronna (1986) pi.9; a loose stucco polychrome and gilded head of Mithras was found in the same site (pl.l)). 12.5h(vii) A line is lost after 12.5h(vi), but this passage seems to be in the mouth of Mithras. The notion of submission is basic to the cult: R. L. Gordon (1972) 106-7. Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 204 And to the end I have borne the greatest things of the gods on my shoulders. 12.5h(viii) The following line may express a contrast between material pleasures and grim reality. Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 206 Sweet are the livers of birds, but care reigns. 5 1. Merkelbach (1984) 99-100 offers a slightly different restoration of one word (fi[ceta] for fi[cata]) and a quitedifferent translation: 'Sweet are the figtrees, but care controls one who has lost his way', which he takes to refer ro a wandering of Mirhras in the wilderness. 12.5h(ix) The spiritual 're-birth' took place at one stage in the hierarchy of initiation, perhaps to the Lion grade. This line and 12.5h(viii) might go together. Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 207 Him who is piously reborn and created by sweet things. Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 211 12.5h(x) Perhaps an exhortation to the initiates. You must all sustain clouded times through the rite. 12.5h(xi) This is an astronomical line, presumably the first in a sequence on the zodiac which was probably repeated ritually, presumably in connection with Mithras' role as orderer (Betz (1968) 74-6; R. L. Gordon (1975) 240). Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 213 And here the Ram runs in front exactly on his course. 318 1. Some lists of zodiacal signs begin with Cancer, but starting with the Ram became com mon: A. Le Boeffle on Germanicus, Phaenomena 532. For the connection between Mithras and Aries see 12.5g sect.24. 12.5h(xii) This line used to be thought the only explicit mention of'salvation' in Mithraic texts, but the text is in doubt. Only the words for 'shed' and 'blood' are certain; 'eternal' and 'you saved' are doubtful: Panciera (1979) 103-5.
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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5- F E S T I V A L S A M D C E R E
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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7 D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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I I . T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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