1 Earliest Rome

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11.14 Tbeodosius ban on sacrifices buildings or land belonging to another, provided it is determined that the place was used without the knowledge of the owner, he shall be compelled to pay twenty-five pounds of gold as a fine; and anyone who abets this crime shall pay the same fine as the actual sacrificer. We wish that these provisions be upheld by the judges, defenders of the cities and councillors of the individual cities: information gathered through them shall be reported to the courts promptly and the crimes so reported be punished by them. But if these officials believe that they may suppress anything through favouritism or neglect anything through inadvertence, they shall be subject to judicial indignation; if the judges on the other hand, once informed of the case, defer punishment through connivance, they shall be fined thirty pounds of gold; and their staffs shall be liable to the same penalty. Six days before the Ides of November at Constantinople when the consuls were Arcadius Augustus (for the second time) and Rufinus . 287
12 Religious groups 288 As Roman religion developed, religious pluralism became more important: individuals faced a wider range of religious choices, and increasingly joined groups which were specifically devoted to a particular god or goddess. These groups interacted with the civic cults and to an extent with each other. This chapter starts from the hostile reaction of the Roman senate to one of the earliest attested religious groups in the cult of Bacchus (12.1), and regulations that governed a very different kind of society - a burial club' under the patronage of Diana and Antinous (12.2). The bulk of the chapter concerns the group worship of a series of individual deities during the imperial period: Jupiter Dolichenus (12.3); Isis (12.4); Mithras (12.5); Jahveh (12.6); and the Christian god (12.7); documents relating to the cult of the Magna Mater are given elsewhere (2.7, 5.6 a-b, 6.7, 8.7). The focus of the selection is on the internal organization and social location of the cults, as well as their different cosmologies. We have drawn evidence from Rome where possible, though we have included some material from other places to illustrate regional spread and local differences. See further: Vol. 1, 95-6, 215-16, 221-7, ch. 6 passim; North (1992)*; for * further translated texts see F. C. Grant (1953) 116-23, M. Whittaker (1984) 229-68 and Meyer (1987). 12.1 The cult of Bacchus The spread of the cult of Bacchus (in Greek, Dionysos) from southern Italy to Etruria and Rome triggered a violent reaction on the part of the Roman senate in 186 B.C. This is the earliest attested specifically religious group in the Roman world - though its exact nature is hard to understand, since the reports of its activities are uniformly hostile, stressing the immorality of the cult and its political threat to Rome. See further: Vol. 1, 91-6, 98; Nilsson (1957); Henrichs (1978); North (1979)*; Pailfer (1988). 12.1a Roman discovery of the cult of Bacchus (186 B.C.) Livy's account of the discovery of the Bacchic cult enlarges on the danger of its practices: magic, theft, immorality, fraud, even murder. These were common
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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13. P E R S P E C T I V E S Christ
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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