The histories of Herodotus;

390 HERODOTUS—BOOK VII. POLYMNIA [61-67
in the country, for Cepheus had no male offspring ; from him
therefore they derived their appellation. The Medes marched
equipped in the same manner as the Persians ; for the above
is a Medic and not a Persian costume. The Medes had for
their general Tigranes, of the family of the Achaemenidae ; they
were formerly called Arians by all nations ; but when Medea
of Colchis came from Athens to these Arians, they also
changed their names : the Medes themselves give this account
of their nation. The Cissians, who served in the army, were
in other respects accoutred like the Persians, except that, instead
of turbans, they wore mitres. Anaphes, son of Otanes,
commanded the Cissians. The Hyrcanians were also armed
like the Persians, and had for their general Megapanus, who
was afterward governor of Babylon. The Assyrians who
served in the army had helmets of brass, twisted in a barbarous
fashion, not easy to be described ; and they had shields
and spears, and daggers similar to those of the Egyptians
and, besides, wooden clubs knotted with iron, and linen
cuirasses. By the Greeks they were called Syrians, but by
the barbarians Assyrians. Among them were the Chaldeans
and Otaspes, son of Artachaeus, commanded them. The Bactrians
joined the army, having turbans on their heads, very
much like those of the Medes, and bows made of cane peculiar
to their country, and short spears. The Sacse, who are
Scythians, had on their heads caps, which came to a point and
stood erect : they also wore loose trousers, and carried bows
peculiar to their country, and daggers, and also battle-axes,
called sagares. These, though they are Amyrgian Scythians,
they called Sacse, for the Persians call all the Scythians Sacae.
Hystaspes, son of Darius and Atossa, daughter of Cyrus, commanded
the Bactrians and Sacae. The Indians, clad with garments
made of cotton, had bows of cane, and arrows of cane
tipped with iron. Thus the Indians were equipped ; and they
were marshalled under the command of Phanazathres, son of
Artabates. The Arians were furnished with Medic bows ; and
in other respects were accoutred like the Bactrians. Sisamnes,
son of Hydarnes, commanded the Arians. The Parthians,
Chorasmians, Sogdians, Gandarians, and Dadicae, joined the
army, having the same accoutrements as the Bactrians. The
following leaders commanded them : Artabazus, son of Pharnaces,
commanded the Parthians and Chorasmians ; Azanes,
son of Artaeus, the Sogdians ; and Artyphius, son of Artabanus,
the Gandarians and Dadicae. The Caspians, clothed
in goat-skin mantles, and carrying bows made of cane peculiar
to their country, and scimetars, joined the expedition. These
;