Volume III, Appendices EM - National Marine Fisheries Service ...

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Table 2. Metadata for Persistent Organic Pollutants, Including PCBs, DDTs, Chlordanes, HCHs and HDB in Selected Marine Mammal Species from US Waters, Reported 1994 through 2005. Table 3. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) Contaminants in Tissues of Selected Marine Mammal Species from US Waters, Reported 1995 through 2005. Table 4. Metadata for Toxic Metal Pollutants, Including Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Tin (Sn) in Selected Marine Mammal Species from US Waters, Reported 1994 through 2005. Table 5. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Contaminants in Blubber of Selected Marine Mammal Species from US Waters, Reported 1995 through 2005. Table 6. Polyfluoroalkyl (PFA) Contaminants in Selected Marine Mammal Species in US waters, Reported 1995 through 2005. Appendix I. Persistent Organic Pollutants, Including Polycholrinated Biphenyls (PCB) and Organochlorine Pesticide Contaminants in Selected Cetacean Species in US Waters, Reported from 1994 through 2005. Appendix II. Persistent Organic Pollutants, Including Polycholrinated Biphenyls (PCB) and Organochlorine Pesticide Contaminants in Selected Pinniped Species in US Waters, Reported from 1995 through 2005. Appendix III. Mercury, Cadmium, Lead and Tin in Tissues of Selected Marine Mammal Species from US Waters, Reported 1994 through 2005. 3
I. INTRODUCTION As charismatic megafauna, marine mammals are beloved and revered by people around the world. Consequently, mortality events and scientific research involving marine mammals are often of a high public profile. Widely publicized reports of high levels of anthropogenic contaminants in some whale species have incited concern that the carcasses of the whales themselves may constitute a toxicological hazard. This literature review was initiated with a view to gathering the collective data pertaining to levels of persistent contaminants in that subset of marine mammal species in US waters that tends to strand most frequently, so that the potential toxicological hazard generated by carcasses of these animals might be assessed. II. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS IN SELECTED MARINE MAMMAL SPECIES IN US WATERS A. Contaminant classes—background information II.A.1. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) II.A.1.1. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are complex mixtures of synthetic chlorinated compounds produced in the US until 1977 for use as insulators, coolants and lubricants, particularly in transformers and other electrical equipment (ATSDR, 2000). The basic structure of PCBs consists of a biphenyl backbone with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms, yielding 209 possible PCB congeners. Position and degree of chlorination are important determinants of congener toxicity, with more highly chlorinated and coplanar (dioxinlike) PCBs exhibiting greater toxicity than less chlorinated and non-planar congeners. A greater degree of chlorination also confers longer environmental persistence, which can range from months to years (ATSDR, 2000). The highly lipophilic nature of PCBs allows them to accumulate in fatty tissues of organisms or to associate with organic components of sediments in environmental samples. In animals and humans, PCBs are toxic to integumentary, immune, endocrine, reproductive, and nervous systems. At high doses, PCBs have been associated with liver and kidney damage in laboratory animals. PCBs are a known animal carcinogen and considered a probable human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and other agencies (ATSDR, 2000), although no increased risk of cancer has been detected in studies of individuals occupationally exposed to PCBs (Ross, 2004). PCBs also have been implicated as environmental endocrine disruptors in wildlife species (Chiu et al., 2000), although this link is controversial (Ross, 2004). While PCBs can persist in the environment for many years, they are susceptible to both anaerobic and aerobic microbial degradation via metabolism of congeners with higher or lower degrees of chlorination, respectively (Abraham et al., 2002). II.A.1.2. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-pfurans (PCDFs) are chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds produced by combustion of waste and organic materials, or as contaminants in chemical manufacturing processes. Both compound classes consist of two benzene rings joined by either one (PCDFs) or two 4
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Draft Programmatic Environmental Im
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Table E-1. Protected and Sensitive
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Bird Island Marine Sanctuary Table
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Table E-7. Protected Fisheries Reso
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Common Name Table E-10. Protected B
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Common Name Table E-12. Protected B
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Common Name Guam bridled white-eye
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Table E-14. Marine Mammals Common i
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Marine Mammal Stranding Network Org
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Organization/Individual NMFS Southw
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Organization/Individual NMFS Pacifi
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Individual NMFS Southeast Region (c
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Individual NMFS Alaska Region Organ
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Individual NMFS Pacific Islands Reg
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Teri Rowles, D.V.M., Ph.D. National
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Authorization UNITED STATES DEPARTM
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PROJECT I1 - ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITIES
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Page 61 and 62: g. The Holder/PI must not harass or
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Page 73 and 74: Seattle, Washington 981 58 Blaine 9
Page 75 and 76: 50 CFR $21 6.37 Marine mammal parts
Page 77: APPENDIX H GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
Page 80 and 81: oats. Animals are located by having
Page 82 and 83: In some cases, animals may need to
Page 84 and 85: ecorders (TDRs), life history trans
Page 86 and 87: LHX tags are satellite linked, dela
Page 88 and 89: analyzed. During live animal respon
Page 90 and 91: 1.1.12 Ultrasound Sampling Ultrasou
Page 92 and 93: interfaced to a laptop computer. Th
Page 94 and 95: Recording, ground, and reference su
Page 96 and 97: 2. Future ESA/MMPA Permit Activitie
Page 98 and 99: 3. References Dierauf 1994 Dierauf,
Page 100 and 101: 4. Acronyms ABR Auditory Brainstem
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Proposed activities over a
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Proposed activities over a
Page 108 and 109: PERSISTENT CONTAMINANTS IN SELECTED
Page 112 and 113: (PCDDs) oxygen atoms. Like PCBs, PC
Page 114 and 115: Although no physiologic requirement
Page 116 and 117: II.B. Concentrations of environment
Page 118 and 119: species targeted in this review, Ca
Page 120 and 121: data exist pertaining to contaminan
Page 122 and 123: _____, 2002c. Draft toxicological p
Page 124 and 125: Houde, M, Wells, R, Fair, P, Bossar
Page 126 and 127: Neale, J., Gulland, F., Schmeltzer,
Page 128 and 129: Tuerk, K, Kucklick, J., Becker, P.,
Page 130 and 131: Table 1. Summary of Concentrations
Page 132 and 133: Table 3. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
Page 134 and 135: Appendix III. Mercury, Cadmium, Lea
Page 136 and 137: Cadmium (Cd) (continued) Species Ti
Page 138 and 139: Lead (Pb) (continued) Mean Date Spe
Page 140 and 141: h Standard error of the mean i For
Page 142 and 143: Euthanasia Questionnaire Response S
Page 145 and 146: Prescott Overview FY01-07 Running T
Page 147 and 148: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE 2002 200
Page 153 and 154: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE FEDERAL
Page 157 and 158: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE 2005 FL
Page 159 and 160: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE FEDERAL
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APPENDIX L MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL
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NOTICE MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESP
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MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE GU
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Organizational Structure Organizati
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Stranding Network and Facility Requ
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Sample Collection and Label: It is
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Wildlife Recovery and Transportatio
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Intake Procedures Initial Intake Pr
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Animal Washing and Continued Care G
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Disposition Release The goal in reh
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Appendix 1. Search Effort Log Searc
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Appendix 2b. Live Marine Mammal Dat
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Appendix 3b. Dead Marine Mammal Dat
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Appendix 5. Oiled Marine Mammal Dai
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Appendix 7. Petroleum Hydrocarbon T
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Appendix 8. Oil Spill Response Labo
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Appendix 10. Chain of Custody Form
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Table 1: Summary of overall statewi
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Table 3: Summary of statewide infor
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