Volume III, Appendices EM - National Marine Fisheries Service ...

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data exist pertaining to contaminants, and among those contaminants, PCBs have been the most widely analyzed in this species. Of nine studies that sampled a combined total of 218 bottlenose dolphins for PCBs, seven studies evaluated PCBs in blubber, with a combined total sample size of 210 animals. Of these 210 dolphin blubber samples, 129 appear to have been obtained via biopsy, while 81 were apparently from stranded animals. Eighty-one of the 210 blubber samples were taken from dolphins in the Gulf of Mexico, off the FL (including Sarasota Bay), TX, or AL coasts. Sixty-two blubber samples were from Atlantic dolphins, generally from three sites: Beaufort, NC, (n=40) Charleston Bay, SC, (n=11) and Indian River Lagoon, FL (n=17). The remaining 14 blubber samples were from dolphins in San Diego Bay, CA. The blubber PCB data reported among the seven studies is in a variety of formats. Hansen et al., (2004) reported the geometric means of their data, while Wells et al., (2005) did not report means at all. Other studies reported arithmetic means. The number of PCB congeners which comprise “sum PCBs” among these seven studies also vary widely, from ten to eighty-seven congeners, while three studies did not report the identity or number of congeners analyzed. All seven studies report PCB concentrations on a lipid weight basis. However, if the concern is not the consequences of PCB contamination on the dolphin itself, but rather the dispersion of the PCBs contained within the blubber throughout the environment during carcass decomposition or scavenging, the entity of interest is the level of contamination expressed on a wet weight basis. Because individual animal data including blubber percent lipid are not specified in any of these seven studies, conversion of concentration data to a wet weight basis is not possible. Sampling techniques also influence the levels of organochlorines measured in blubber. Of the seven studies that quantified blubber PCBs, only two (Salata et al., 1995 and Finklea et al., 2000) stipulated that full-thickness blubber samples were obtained. Kuehl and Haebler (1995) and Johnson-Restrepo (2005) did not specify how blubber samples were taken. The remaining three research teams employed biopsy methods, including remote dart (Hansen et al., 2004), punch (Reddy et al., 2001) and wedge (Wells et al., 2005) biopsy. All of these biopsy techniques are inherently biased towards collection of the outermost portion of the blubber. However, Aguilar and Borrell (1991) and Severinsen et al., (2000) documented that organochlorines are not homogenously distributed throughout this tissue in species of two baleen whales and a phocid seal, respectively, but rather stratified such that contaminant levels in the outermost blubber are significantly greater than that of the innermost blubber layer. Moreover, this difference was not attributable merely to variation in lipid content (Severinsen et al., 2000). Struntz et al., 2004 noted the heterogeneous morphological and histological structure of Tursiops blubber. Consequently, it would be imprudent to assume that PCBs or other organochlorine contaminants are homogenously dispersed throughout blubber of bottlenose dolphins. Rather, contaminants concentrations obtained from blubber biopsy specimens likely overestimate blubber contaminant burdens, and should be interpreted with caution. The above summary briefly illustrates the extremely limited nature of the database for the most thoroughly studied species and contaminant combination (Tursiops and PCBs) among those considered by this review. For other contaminants and species, the data are 13
even scantier. Certain generalizations might be made about the distribution of particular contaminants within tissues, and among individuals in a given population. For example, it is generally understood that species higher trophic species such as dolphins are more prone to bioaccumulating higher levels of some contaminants than species that feed at lower trophic levels, such as baleen whales. Also, lipophilic contaminants such as PCBs tend to be at highest levels in blubber of adult males, because contaminant levels increase with age, and because females can depurate some of their acquired contaminant load through transfer to offspring (Wells et al., 2005). This latter phenomenon accounts for the observation that immature animals may have higher blubber PCB concentrations than adults, when levels are evaluated on a lipid weight basis. Despite such documented patterns of PCB accumulation within Tursiops, overall the data are quite limited with respect to samples sizes, tissues analyzed and geographic locations represented. Contaminant monitoring studies tend to focus on tissues that represent target organs of a given toxicant or are sites of bioaccumulation. Because few tissues are assayed, there is generally insufficient information to infer the total body burden of a given contaminant for an individual in a given population. Moreover, patterns of contaminant accumulation will vary based upon exposures. Individuals from highly contaminated areas will not serve to represent animals from less contaminated regions, and vice versa. The heterogeneous nature of contaminants data published for the selected marine mammals in US waters encompassed by this review make it difficult to compare between studies, much less to unify this disparate research into an assemblage with utility for other applications such as the evaluation of the potential toxicological environmental hazards posed by decomposing carcass. At current, the database for the contaminants in the species encompassed by this review is inadequate to support such an assessment. III. LITERATURE CITED (for literature review text, tables 1-6, and appendices I-III) Abraham, WR, Nogales, B, Golyshin, PN, Pieper, D, & Timmis, KN. (2002) Polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading microbial communities in soils and sediments. Current Opinion in Microbiology 5, 246-253. Aguilar, A & Borrell, A. (1991) Heterogeneous distribution of organochlorine contaminants in the blubber of baleen whales: Implications for sampling procedures. Marine Environmental Research 31, 275-286. Appel, KE. (2004) Organotin compounds: Toxicokinetic aspects. Drug Metabolism Reviews 36, 763-786. ATSDR, 2002a. Toxicological profile for DDT, DDE, and DDD. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia. 497 pp. _____, 2002b. Toxicological profile for hexachlorobenzene. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia. 403 pp. 14
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Draft Programmatic Environmental Im
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Table E-1. Protected and Sensitive
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Bird Island Marine Sanctuary Table
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Table E-7. Protected Fisheries Reso
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Common Name Table E-10. Protected B
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Common Name Table E-12. Protected B
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Common Name Guam bridled white-eye
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Table E-14. Marine Mammals Common i
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Marine Mammal Stranding Network Org
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Organization/Individual NMFS Southw
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Organization/Individual NMFS Pacifi
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Individual NMFS Southeast Region (c
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Individual NMFS Alaska Region Organ
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Individual NMFS Pacific Islands Reg
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Teri Rowles, D.V.M., Ph.D. National
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Authorization UNITED STATES DEPARTM
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PROJECT I1 - ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITIES
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. Euthanasia 1) 2) The NMFS Nationa
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g. The Holder/PI must not harass or
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meets the minimum standards of coll
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2) Live captures; Stranding respons
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4. Persons who require state, Feder
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Page 75 and 76: 50 CFR $21 6.37 Marine mammal parts
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Page 80 and 81: oats. Animals are located by having
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Page 88 and 89: analyzed. During live animal respon
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Page 100 and 101: 4. Acronyms ABR Auditory Brainstem
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Page 108 and 109: PERSISTENT CONTAMINANTS IN SELECTED
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Page 116 and 117: II.B. Concentrations of environment
Page 118 and 119: species targeted in this review, Ca
Page 122 and 123: _____, 2002c. Draft toxicological p
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Page 130 and 131: Table 1. Summary of Concentrations
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Page 166 and 167: NOTICE MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESP
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MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE GU
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Organizational Structure Organizati
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Stranding Network and Facility Requ
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Sample Collection and Label: It is
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Wildlife Recovery and Transportatio
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Intake Procedures Initial Intake Pr
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Animal Washing and Continued Care G
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Disposition Release The goal in reh
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Appendix 1. Search Effort Log Searc
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Appendix 2b. Live Marine Mammal Dat
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Appendix 3b. Dead Marine Mammal Dat
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Appendix 5. Oiled Marine Mammal Dai
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Appendix 7. Petroleum Hydrocarbon T
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Appendix 8. Oil Spill Response Labo
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Appendix 10. Chain of Custody Form
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Intentional Blank Page
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Table 1: Summary of overall statewi
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Table 3: Summary of statewide infor
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