Volume III, Appendices EM - National Marine Fisheries Service ...

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II.B. Concentrations of environmental contaminants in selected species of marine mammals in US waters II.B.1. Species addressed Twelve species of marine mammals are included in this review, based upon the frequency and patterns with which they strand (T. Rowles and J. Whaley, pers. comm.). Species that tend to strand as individuals include: pygmy and dwarf sperm whales (Kogia breviceps and K. simus, respectively); common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus); California sea lion (Zalophus californianus); harbor seal (Phoca vitulina); and elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Species that tend to strand en masse are represented by: long and short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas and G. macrorhynchus, respectively); rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis); and white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus). Large whale species considered are the gray and humpback whales (Eschrichtius robustus and Megaptera novaeangliae, respectively). II.B.2. Databases reviewed, including time period examined and search terms used The online databases Biological Abstracts, PubMed, and Toxline were searched, using an exhaustive list of key words, including (but not limited to): Kogia, Tursiops, Zalophus, Phoca, Mirounga, Globicephala, Steno, Lagenorhynchus, Eschrichtius robustus, Megaptera, elephant seal, dolphin, marine mammal, pinniped, whale, cetacean, polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB, DDT, persistent organic pollutants, pollutant, contaminant, heavy metal, mercury, hexachlorocyclohexane, HCB, chlordane, heptachlor, dieldrin, aldrin, and organochlorine(s). Reports on marine mammals considered for inclusion in this review were confined to those published in peer-reviewed journals from 1995 through 2005 that addressed any of the twelve species designated above in US waters. A few ancillary studies that were either published prior to 1995, or that dealt with marine mammals in non-US waters, were included when those waters were contiguous with US waters, and when other US-based studies for those particular species were lacking. For example, Varanasi et al., 1994, was published outside of the timeframe used as a criterion for inclusion in this review. Nevertheless, I incorporated this study, as well as a few other studies (Tilbury et al., 2002; De Luna and Rosales-Hoz, 2004; Ruelas-Inzunza et al., 2002; Mendez et al., 2002) that addressed contaminants in E. robustus from Russian (Bering Sea) and Mexican waters, because contaminant studies for gray whales were limited. Also, because gray whales migrate long distances, whales studied in Mexican or Russian waters likely navigate US waters as well, where they may strand or die and present a carcass disposal problem. II.B.3. Overview of tissue contaminant concentrations: Literature review summary II.B.3.0. General comments upon format of tables and appendices This review covers studies done by multiple scientists who were in various geographic locations, attempting to answer different research questions, and using diverse techniques and laboratories. Consequently the data are quite disparate and difficult to harmonize. For 9
this reason, and to make this report as pertinent as possible for future applications, I have compiled as much data as feasible directly from the source papers. However, whenever possible, I attempted to give contaminant concentrations on a wet weight basis (since that is the state of the carcass presented for disposal) and to standardize the units in which data were given, presenting the persistent organic pollutants, PCDD/Fs, PBDEs, and PFAs in ng/g and metals in ug/g. I converted values from ng/g lipid weight to ng/g wet weight for Shaw et al, 2005, Struntz et al., 2004, She et al., 2002 and Gautier et al., 1997. All tables and appendices (in the accompanying Excel file) contain extensive footnotes to accurately characterize the data. In addition, species designations are color-coded in a consistent manner throughout the tables and appendices, to allow for easy location and comparison of text with respect to a given species. II.B.3.1. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including PCBs, PCDD/Fs, DDTs, Chlordanes, HCB, and HCHs Because organochlorines, as a class, are lipophilic compounds that might be expected to reach highest concentrations in fat (Norstrom, 2002), blubber represents the tissue where maximum organochlorine concentrations are likely. Blubber is also the tissue for which the most data have been generated pertaining to organochlorine contaminants in marine mammals. Reported levels of major persistent organic pollutants (i.e., PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes, mirex, dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, HCHs, HCB, and endosulfans) in the selected cetacean and pinniped species from US waters are provided in <strong>Appendices</strong> I and II, respectively, and summarized in Table 1, while metadata for studies addressing major persistent organic contaminants in the chosen marine mammals is presented in Table 2. Twenty-one papers focused on organochlorine contaminants in the cetacean species under consideration, while 16 studies examined organochlorines in pinniped species. For all contaminant classes combined, the number of studies and the collective number of individuals sampled for each cetacean species were as follows: T. truncatus, 9 studies (two of which, by Reddy et al. dealt with the same animals), 218 sampled; K. breviceps, 1 study, 2 sampled; L. acutus, 3 studies (two of which, by Tuerk et al., dealt with the same animals), 53 sampled; G. melas, 4 studies, 60 sampled (with some overlap between studies and animals, so this number is likely somewhat inflated); S. bredanensis, 2 studies (both of which dealt with the same animals), 15 sampled; E. robustus, 3 studies, 101 sampled (again, there appears to be some overlap between studies and animals, so this number likely overstates the true number of animals represented); M. novaeangliae, 2 studies, 32 sampled. For pinniped species, the number of studies and maximum total number of animals sampled were: Z. californianus, 6 studies (Le Boeuf et al., 2002 and Kannan et al., 2004 consider the same animals), 148 sampled; P. vitulina, 10 studies, 201 sampled; M. angustirostris, 4 studies, 13 sampled (Table 2). I found no studies addressing organochlorine contaminants in K. simus or G. macrorhynchus in my review of the literature. Among the species addressed, mean total PCB levels were highest in blubber of T. truncatus (240,000 ng/g lipid weight; n=6), which also had the highest single observed concentration of total PCBs, at 1,120,000 ng/g lipid weight. P. vitulina had the lowest mean concentration of total PCBs (1.7 ng/g wet weight, n=10). Compared to other 10
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Draft Programmatic Environmental Im
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Table E-1. Protected and Sensitive
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Bird Island Marine Sanctuary Table
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Table E-7. Protected Fisheries Reso
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Common Name Table E-10. Protected B
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Common Name Table E-12. Protected B
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Common Name Guam bridled white-eye
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Table E-14. Marine Mammals Common i
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Marine Mammal Stranding Network Org
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Organization/Individual NMFS Southw
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Organization/Individual NMFS Pacifi
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Individual NMFS Southeast Region (c
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Individual NMFS Alaska Region Organ
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Individual NMFS Pacific Islands Reg
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Teri Rowles, D.V.M., Ph.D. National
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Authorization UNITED STATES DEPARTM
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PROJECT I1 - ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITIES
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. Euthanasia 1) 2) The NMFS Nationa
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g. The Holder/PI must not harass or
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meets the minimum standards of coll
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Page 75 and 76: 50 CFR $21 6.37 Marine mammal parts
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Page 80 and 81: oats. Animals are located by having
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Page 88 and 89: analyzed. During live animal respon
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Page 100 and 101: 4. Acronyms ABR Auditory Brainstem
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Proposed activities over a
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Page 108 and 109: PERSISTENT CONTAMINANTS IN SELECTED
Page 110 and 111: Table 2. Metadata for Persistent Or
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Page 118 and 119: species targeted in this review, Ca
Page 120 and 121: data exist pertaining to contaminan
Page 122 and 123: _____, 2002c. Draft toxicological p
Page 124 and 125: Houde, M, Wells, R, Fair, P, Bossar
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Page 130 and 131: Table 1. Summary of Concentrations
Page 132 and 133: Table 3. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
Page 134 and 135: Appendix III. Mercury, Cadmium, Lea
Page 136 and 137: Cadmium (Cd) (continued) Species Ti
Page 138 and 139: Lead (Pb) (continued) Mean Date Spe
Page 140 and 141: h Standard error of the mean i For
Page 142 and 143: Euthanasia Questionnaire Response S
Page 145 and 146: Prescott Overview FY01-07 Running T
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NOTICE MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESP
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MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE GU
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Organizational Structure Organizati
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Stranding Network and Facility Requ
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Sample Collection and Label: It is
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Wildlife Recovery and Transportatio
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Intake Procedures Initial Intake Pr
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Animal Washing and Continued Care G
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Disposition Release The goal in reh
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Appendix 1. Search Effort Log Searc
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Appendix 2b. Live Marine Mammal Dat
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Appendix 3b. Dead Marine Mammal Dat
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Appendix 5. Oiled Marine Mammal Dai
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Appendix 7. Petroleum Hydrocarbon T
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Appendix 8. Oil Spill Response Labo
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Appendix 10. Chain of Custody Form
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Table 1: Summary of overall statewi
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Table 3: Summary of statewide infor
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