Volume III, Appendices EM - National Marine Fisheries Service ...

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1.1.12 Ultrasound Sampling Ultrasound sampling may be conducted on free ranging animals and animals captured during emergency response or research studies. Ultrasound may be used to evaluate blubber thickness, wounds, lesions, the presence of lesions, pregnancy, reproductive organs, and blood vessels. During health assessment studies, a diagnostic ultrasound is used to examine the condition of the internal organs and to measure testis length and diameter to assess male maturity. Females are also examined by a veterinarian during the initial evaluation for pregnancy and the presence of developing follicles. Females determined to be in late-term pregnancy (late 2 nd and 3 rd trimester) are tagged with a roto-tag so they can be avoided in subsequent sets, and then immediately released. The ultrasound operates at a frequency of about 2.5-5.0 MHz, well above the dolphin’s hearing. The examinations are recorded on video and audio tape, and thermal prints are made of features of interest. In addition, digital video thermography is used to measure skin temperature. 1.1.13 Other Sampling Other sampling includes tooth extraction, urine, blowhole, fecal, milk, and sperm. Colonic temperature measurements may also be conducted. Most of these samples are collected during health assessment studies. During health assessment studies, the age determination of animals is conducted using the deposition of growth layer groups in teeth. A tooth is extracted from the animal by a veterinarian trained in this procedure. The tissue surrounding the tooth (usually #15 in the lower left jaw) is infiltrated with Lidocaine without epinephrine (or equivalent local anesthetic), applied through a standard, highpressure, 30 gauge needle dental injection system. Once the area is anesthetized, the tooth is elevated and extracted using dental extraction tools. A cotton plug soaked in Betadine, or equivalent, solution is inserted into the alveolus (pit where the tooth was) as a local antibiotic and to stop bleeding. This plug is removed prior to release. This procedure is modified from that described by Ridgway et al. (1975), wherein the entire mandible was anesthetized. The revised procedure has been used in captivity and in live capture and release sampling for many years. Extracted teeth are sectioned, stained, and growth layer groups are counted. Urine analyses are diagnostically useful to evaluate the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra). Important diagnoses can be made by determining the color, pH, turbidity, chemical constituents, presence or absence of blood, and by identifying any bacteria or yeast present in the H-12
urine. These diagnoses would likely be missed without such an examination. During health assessment studies, urine may be collected opportunistically, by holding an open sterile container in the urine stream. Samples may also be collected using urinary catheterization. A veterinarian experienced with cetaceans and a qualified veterinary technician perform the catheterization procedure. The dolphin would be lying on its side on the foam-covered deck of the boat serving as the veterinary laboratory. Wearing sterile surgical gloves, the assistant gently retracts the folds of the genital slit to allow visualization of the urethral orifice. The veterinarian (wearing sterile gloves) carefully inserts a sterile urinary catheter, lubricated with sterile lubricating gel, into the bladder via the urethra. A 50 ml collection tube without additive is used to aseptically collect the urine as it flows from the catheter. The catheter is removed after the urine is collected. Swab samples from the blowhole and rectum are collected from each individual. A sterile swab is inserted into the blowhole during a breath, gently swabbed along the wall of the blowhole, and removed during the next breath. Fecal samples are obtained either from a small catheter inserted about 10 cm into the colon or from a sterile swab of the rectum. Cetacean feces may also be collected in the water column either from a vessel or a diver in the water. Pinniped feces may be collected directly from haul-out or rookery sites. The samples are sent to a diagnostic laboratory for culturing and species identification. Milk samples are collected to measure the levels of lipophilic organic contaminants and to determine composition. All adult females are checked for lactation and milk samples are collected from all lactating females. A “breast-pump” apparatus is used to obtain the sample. Milk is expressed with gentle manual pressure exerted on the mammary gland while suction is provided by a 60 cc syringe attached by tubing to another 12 cc syringe placed over the nipple. Samples of up to 30-50 ml may be collected. A potential impact of environmental contaminants on animal health is the reduction of reproductive capabilities. This may be measured indirectly in males through ultrasonic examination, measurement of testes, and measurement of testosterone concentrations. Collection and examination of sperm samples would be a more direct measurement of male reproductive function. If possible, ejaculate samples would be collected through manual manipulation of the penis. Samples are examined for sperm count, motility, and condition. Colonic temperature is collected to understand vascular cooling and reproductive status (Rommel et al.1992, 1994). Temperature measurements are obtained with a linear array of thermal probes H-13
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Draft Programmatic Environmental Im
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Table E-1. Protected and Sensitive
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Bird Island Marine Sanctuary Table
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Table E-7. Protected Fisheries Reso
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Common Name Table E-10. Protected B
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Common Name Table E-12. Protected B
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Common Name Guam bridled white-eye
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Table E-14. Marine Mammals Common i
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Page 40 and 41: Marine Mammal Stranding Network Org
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Page 48 and 49: Individual NMFS Alaska Region Organ
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Page 53 and 54: Teri Rowles, D.V.M., Ph.D. National
Page 55 and 56: Authorization UNITED STATES DEPARTM
Page 57 and 58: PROJECT I1 - ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITIES
Page 59 and 60: . Euthanasia 1) 2) The NMFS Nationa
Page 61 and 62: g. The Holder/PI must not harass or
Page 63 and 64: meets the minimum standards of coll
Page 65 and 66: 2) Live captures; Stranding respons
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Page 73 and 74: Seattle, Washington 981 58 Blaine 9
Page 75 and 76: 50 CFR $21 6.37 Marine mammal parts
Page 77: APPENDIX H GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
Page 80 and 81: oats. Animals are located by having
Page 82 and 83: In some cases, animals may need to
Page 84 and 85: ecorders (TDRs), life history trans
Page 86 and 87: LHX tags are satellite linked, dela
Page 88 and 89: analyzed. During live animal respon
Page 92 and 93: interfaced to a laptop computer. Th
Page 94 and 95: Recording, ground, and reference su
Page 96 and 97: 2. Future ESA/MMPA Permit Activitie
Page 98 and 99: 3. References Dierauf 1994 Dierauf,
Page 100 and 101: 4. Acronyms ABR Auditory Brainstem
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Proposed activities over a
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Proposed activities over a
Page 108 and 109: PERSISTENT CONTAMINANTS IN SELECTED
Page 110 and 111: Table 2. Metadata for Persistent Or
Page 112 and 113: (PCDDs) oxygen atoms. Like PCBs, PC
Page 114 and 115: Although no physiologic requirement
Page 116 and 117: II.B. Concentrations of environment
Page 118 and 119: species targeted in this review, Ca
Page 120 and 121: data exist pertaining to contaminan
Page 122 and 123: _____, 2002c. Draft toxicological p
Page 124 and 125: Houde, M, Wells, R, Fair, P, Bossar
Page 126 and 127: Neale, J., Gulland, F., Schmeltzer,
Page 128 and 129: Tuerk, K, Kucklick, J., Becker, P.,
Page 130 and 131: Table 1. Summary of Concentrations
Page 132 and 133: Table 3. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
Page 134 and 135: Appendix III. Mercury, Cadmium, Lea
Page 136 and 137: Cadmium (Cd) (continued) Species Ti
Page 138 and 139: Lead (Pb) (continued) Mean Date Spe
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h Standard error of the mean i For
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Euthanasia Questionnaire Response S
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Prescott Overview FY01-07 Running T
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YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE 2002 200
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YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE FEDERAL
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YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE 2005 FL
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YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE FEDERAL
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APPENDIX L MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL
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NOTICE MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESP
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MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE GU
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Organizational Structure Organizati
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Stranding Network and Facility Requ
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Sample Collection and Label: It is
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Wildlife Recovery and Transportatio
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Intake Procedures Initial Intake Pr
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Animal Washing and Continued Care G
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Disposition Release The goal in reh
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Appendix 1. Search Effort Log Searc
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Appendix 2b. Live Marine Mammal Dat
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Appendix 3b. Dead Marine Mammal Dat
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Appendix 5. Oiled Marine Mammal Dai
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Appendix 7. Petroleum Hydrocarbon T
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Appendix 8. Oil Spill Response Labo
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Appendix 10. Chain of Custody Form
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Table 1: Summary of overall statewi
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Table 3: Summary of statewide infor
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