Volume III, Appendices EM - National Marine Fisheries Service ...

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MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE GUIDELINES Internet Resources NOAA Fisheries, Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/ NOAA, Damage Assessment and Restoration Program (DARP): http://www.darp.noaa.gov/ U.S. Coast Guard Oil Spill Response: http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/nmc/response/index.htm U.S. Coast Guard Area Contingency Plans: http://www.uscg.mil/vrp/acp/acp.shtml U.S. National Response Team: http://www.nrt.org/ Wildlife Health Center, UC Davis: http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whc/ Oiled Wildlife Care Network: http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/owcn/ 4/10/06 - Draft iv
Introduction Marine Mammals and Oil: A Brief Overview In comparison to marine birds, marine mammals are infrequently affected by oil spill incidents. The number of individuals and species affected, as well as the degree of pathological impact of such exposure, will depend on many variables, such as the location and size of the spill, the characteristics of the oil, weather and water conditions, types of habitats affected, the time of year the spill occurs, as well as the behavior and physiology of the marine mammal. Information on the effects of oil on marine mammals is sparse, and is mostly a result of the Exon Valdez oil spill in Alaska in 1989 and a limited number of exposure experiments on a narrow range of species exposed to relatively low doses of oil (Geraci and St. Aubin, 1990). The sensitivity of marine mammals to spilled oil is highly variable and appears to be most directly related to the relative importance of fur and blubber to thermoregulation. In those species with relatively sparse fat stores, direct contact with oil impairs the thermal insulative value of fur thus resulting in hypothermia. External exposure can also result in dermal injury and conjunctivitis. Internal exposure of oil by ingestion (either by direct ingestion or indirect through food and water sources) can result in gastrointestinal ulcers and liver and kidney damage. Inhalation of volatile hydrocarbons can result in central nervous system and pulmonary damage and behavioral abnormalities. Depending upon the extent of external exposure, the toxicity of the petroleum product, the volume ingested or inhaled, the presenting clinical signs, and the species affected, some marine mammals exposed to oil may not need rehabilitation. Oil spill responders must consider that such procedures involving capturing, holding, treating, and releasing the wild animals places stress on the animal, and the consequences of capture and captivity may be a greater risk to its well being than contacting oil. Exceptions may include abandoned or moribund young pups of any species and species that rely on fur for thermal insulation. These animals will most likely require rehabilitation when oiled due to the physical and toxicological effects of petroleum exposure. Pathological Effects of Petroleum Exposure Documented clinical and histopathological effects of oil in pinnipeds and sea otters include ambulatory restrictions, thermoregulatory imbalance, central nervous system depression, interstitial pulmonary emphysema, aspiration pneumonia, anemia, conjunctivitis and corneal edema, gastrointestinal irritation, and hepatic and renal tubular necrosis/lipiosis, and adrenal gland dysfunction (Davis and Anderson, 1976; Geraci and Smith, 1976; Engelhardt et al., 1977; Engelhardt, 1985; Geraci and St. Aubin, 1988; Geraci and Williams, 1990; St. Aubin, 1990; Lipscomb et al., 1993). Small laboratory studies on the effects of oil have been conducted on ringed and harp seals (Smith and Geraci, 1975; Geraci and Smith, 1976); however most studies have been unable to correlate the degree of oiling with the type of effect and many of these lesions may be related to captivity stress or other underlying factors. Changes in acute phase proteins and cytokines (e.g. elevated IL-6, haptoglobin and creatine kinase) have been correlated with probable petroleum exposure in river otters (Duffy et al., 1993; Duffy et al., 1994). Oiled sea otters displayed evidence of hepatic and renal dysfunction as well as anemia in their blood parameters (Williams et al., 1995). 4/10/2006 Draf t 1
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Draft Programmatic Environmental Im
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Table E-1. Protected and Sensitive
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Bird Island Marine Sanctuary Table
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Table E-7. Protected Fisheries Reso
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Common Name Table E-10. Protected B
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Common Name Table E-12. Protected B
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Common Name Guam bridled white-eye
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Table E-14. Marine Mammals Common i
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Marine Mammal Stranding Network Org
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Organization/Individual NMFS Southw
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Organization/Individual NMFS Pacifi
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Individual NMFS Southeast Region (c
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Individual NMFS Alaska Region Organ
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Individual NMFS Pacific Islands Reg
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Teri Rowles, D.V.M., Ph.D. National
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Authorization UNITED STATES DEPARTM
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PROJECT I1 - ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITIES
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. Euthanasia 1) 2) The NMFS Nationa
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g. The Holder/PI must not harass or
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meets the minimum standards of coll
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2) Live captures; Stranding respons
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4. Persons who require state, Feder
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1 1. Any falsification of informati
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Florida Keys National Marine Sanctu
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Seattle, Washington 981 58 Blaine 9
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50 CFR $21 6.37 Marine mammal parts
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APPENDIX H GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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oats. Animals are located by having
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In some cases, animals may need to
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ecorders (TDRs), life history trans
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LHX tags are satellite linked, dela
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analyzed. During live animal respon
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1.1.12 Ultrasound Sampling Ultrasou
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interfaced to a laptop computer. Th
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Recording, ground, and reference su
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2. Future ESA/MMPA Permit Activitie
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3. References Dierauf 1994 Dierauf,
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4. Acronyms ABR Auditory Brainstem
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Table 1. Proposed activities over a
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Table 1. Proposed activities over a
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PERSISTENT CONTAMINANTS IN SELECTED
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Table 2. Metadata for Persistent Or
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(PCDDs) oxygen atoms. Like PCBs, PC
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Although no physiologic requirement
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II.B. Concentrations of environment
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Page 120 and 121: data exist pertaining to contaminan
Page 122 and 123: _____, 2002c. Draft toxicological p
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Page 126 and 127: Neale, J., Gulland, F., Schmeltzer,
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Page 130 and 131: Table 1. Summary of Concentrations
Page 132 and 133: Table 3. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
Page 134 and 135: Appendix III. Mercury, Cadmium, Lea
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Page 138 and 139: Lead (Pb) (continued) Mean Date Spe
Page 140 and 141: h Standard error of the mean i For
Page 142 and 143: Euthanasia Questionnaire Response S
Page 145 and 146: Prescott Overview FY01-07 Running T
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Page 153 and 154: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE FEDERAL
Page 157 and 158: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE 2005 FL
Page 159 and 160: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE FEDERAL
Page 161: APPENDIX L MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL
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Page 166 and 167: NOTICE MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESP
Page 170 and 171: MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE GU
Page 172 and 173: Organizational Structure Organizati
Page 176 and 177: Stranding Network and Facility Requ
Page 180 and 181: Sample Collection and Label: It is
Page 184 and 185: Wildlife Recovery and Transportatio
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Page 196 and 197: Disposition Release The goal in reh
Page 206 and 207: Appendix 1. Search Effort Log Searc
Page 208 and 209: Appendix 2b. Live Marine Mammal Dat
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Page 212 and 213: Appendix 5. Oiled Marine Mammal Dai
Page 214 and 215: Appendix 7. Petroleum Hydrocarbon T
Page 216 and 217: Appendix 8. Oil Spill Response Labo
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Appendix 10. Chain of Custody Form
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Intentional Blank Page
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Table 1: Summary of overall statewi
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Table 3: Summary of statewide infor
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