Volume III, Appendices EM - National Marine Fisheries Service ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Animal Washing and Continued Care General Topics Associated With Cleaning The facility where oiled animals will be cleaned should be designed to accommodate the variety of species that might be cared for at that facility. Each wash station must have adequate space for the animals, animal handlers, and restraint equipment that might be necessary. Water hardness should be tested before washing animals and adjusted to 3-5 grains of hardness (Clumpner, 1991). Dawn dishwashing liquid is the preferred washing product and has been shown to be safe and effective for removing oil from the coats of sea otters and harbor seals (Rash et al., 1990). Wastewater storage, containment, and removal must meet the requirements of the municipality, city, and county. A minimum team of two or three persons usually wash animals. Fur seals and sea otters may require teams of four or five persons because the density of their fur requires much greater effort. Large animals such as elephant seals may require a washing team with three or four persons to properly restrain the animal. Large animals, aggressive animals, fur seals and sea otters may require sedation and veterinary assistance for washing and cleaning. General Washing Needs Softened water (3-5 gr) Temperature controlled warm water (80-98°F, 27-37°C) Pressured spray nozzles (30-40 psi) Dawn detergent Wastewater storage and removal Pre-Wash Evaluation Oiled marine mammals will require at least 24 hours of supportive care prior to being washed. Initial care is focused on addressing thermoregulatory problems, rehydration, and providing nutritional sustenance so animals are no longer in a negative metabolic balance. The washing procedure is very stressful; therefore, prior to the procedure, the animal needs to have regained strength. In the case of sea otters, they also need to be able to tolerate anesthesia and start to groom once recovered. A veterinarian should conduct a pre-wash evaluation that includes a physical examination, evaluation of alertness, strength and body condition, and blood parameters. If the animal passes the pre-wash evaluation, it is referred to the washing team. Removing Tar Patches from Animals If the oil present on an animal is a tar patch or very weathered, pretreatment may be necessary. This is accomplished by applying warmed (95-98°F or 35°C) olive oil, canola oil, or methyl oleate to the affected region. The pretreatment solution should be manually worked into the tarred areas for up to 30 minutes or until the tar loosens and can be wiped off using an absorptive pad or towel. While pretreating the animal, it is important to monitor the animal’s body temperature and be prepared to treat the animal for hyperthermia or hypothermia. Tar removal is necessary for furred marine mammals and non-furred marine mammals if the patch(es) are large, potentially interfering with thermoregulation, or contribute to toxicity and result in clinical symptoms. Clipping away tar patches (with accompanying fur) is recommended unless molt is imminent 4/10/2006 Draf t 24
ecause the animal will have a bald patch that could cause reduction of heat retention. This procedure could have serious or life-threatening implications for fur seals, sea otters, or debilitated animals. Washing Harbor Seals, Elephant Seals, Sea Lions Sea lions, harbor seals and elephant seals rely on their thick blubber layer for insulation, making them less susceptible to hypothermia when they become externally oiled. These species are washed with Dawn detergent in thermal-neutral (~ 98°F or 37°C) water. Soap is applied and rubbed on the fur until the oil is visibly removed. The detergent can be made into a uniform solution by mixing it with water at a 1:1 ratio prior to applying thus making it easier to work into the hair and oil. Washing pinnipeds takes between 10-30 minutes depending on the extent and type of oil, species and health of the animal, and the proficiency of the staff. An initial quick rinse can be done at the wash station and then completed with the animal unrestrained in its pen using a pressure nozzle. This modified rinse procedure decreases the duration of manual restraint. In general, rinsing should be continued until there is no evidence of oil or detergent in the rinse water. Most pinnipeds are placed directly into their outdoor pens to dry. General Guidelines for Washing Pinnipeds 1. Thermal neutral water (~ 98°F or 37°C) 2. Dawn detergent rubbed onto fur until oil is removed 3. Pressurized rinse in pen until oil and detergent removed 4. Air dry in pen Washing Fur Seals In contrast, fur seals possess a thin subcutaneous fat layer and a thick pelage that thermally insulates these animals (Reidman, 1990). Since they rely more heavily on their fur, fur seals are washed in a similar fashion to otters. Oiling 30% of a fur seal’s coat will result in a 50% increase in heat loss (Geraci and St. Aubin, 1990), emphasizing the need for these animals to be closely monitored during the washing procedure. Fur seals are washed using a thermal-neutral (~98°F or 37°C), 5% diluted Dawn dish washing detergent solution. The diluted detergent solution is gently massaged into the fur and, as with other species, the washing duration depends on the extent and type of oil, the strength of the animal, and the proficiency of the staff. Fur seals are rinsed with fresh, soft (3-5 gr) water under moderate pressure (30-40 psi) with a spray nozzle. This process can require up to 40-60 minutes and animals are rinsed until no oil is visible in the rinse water and no petroleum odor is detectable on the fur (Davis and Hunter, 1995). For all pinnipeds, animals may become hyperthermic during washing in which case they may need to be washed and rinsed in cold water. Fur seals, which depend on their coat for thermoregulation, may need to be placed in a drying enclosure that is warmed with an industrial pet dryer that blows room temperature air (68°F or 20°C). Animals in drying pens must be monitored for dehydration, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and alertness. Once dry and alert, fur seals can be returned to their outdoor pens. Washing Sea Otters Sea otters have the densest fur of any mammal, and, unlike most other marine mammals, replace their fur throughout the year instead of undergoing a seasonal molt (Tarasoff, 1974; Williams et al., 1992). Otters have guard hairs and many fine under-hairs that are microscopically interlocked to trap air, thus providing waterproofing, thermal insulation, and buoyancy. Oil contamination 4/10/2006 Draf t 25
Page 1:
Draft Programmatic Environmental Im
Page 5 and 6:
Table E-1. Protected and Sensitive
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Bird Island Marine Sanctuary Table
Page 17 and 18:
Table E-7. Protected Fisheries Reso
Page 19 and 20:
Common Name Table E-10. Protected B
Page 21 and 22:
Common Name Table E-12. Protected B
Page 23 and 24:
Common Name Guam bridled white-eye
Page 25 and 26:
Table E-14. Marine Mammals Common i
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 40 and 41:
Marine Mammal Stranding Network Org
Page 42 and 43:
Organization/Individual NMFS Southw
Page 44 and 45:
Organization/Individual NMFS Pacifi
Page 46 and 47:
Individual NMFS Southeast Region (c
Page 48 and 49:
Individual NMFS Alaska Region Organ
Page 50 and 51:
Individual NMFS Pacific Islands Reg
Page 53 and 54:
Teri Rowles, D.V.M., Ph.D. National
Page 55 and 56:
Authorization UNITED STATES DEPARTM
Page 57 and 58:
PROJECT I1 - ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITIES
Page 59 and 60:
. Euthanasia 1) 2) The NMFS Nationa
Page 61 and 62:
g. The Holder/PI must not harass or
Page 63 and 64:
meets the minimum standards of coll
Page 65 and 66:
2) Live captures; Stranding respons
Page 67 and 68:
4. Persons who require state, Feder
Page 69 and 70:
1 1. Any falsification of informati
Page 71 and 72:
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctu
Page 73 and 74:
Seattle, Washington 981 58 Blaine 9
Page 75 and 76:
50 CFR $21 6.37 Marine mammal parts
Page 77:
APPENDIX H GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
Page 80 and 81:
oats. Animals are located by having
Page 82 and 83:
In some cases, animals may need to
Page 84 and 85:
ecorders (TDRs), life history trans
Page 86 and 87:
LHX tags are satellite linked, dela
Page 88 and 89:
analyzed. During live animal respon
Page 90 and 91:
1.1.12 Ultrasound Sampling Ultrasou
Page 92 and 93:
interfaced to a laptop computer. Th
Page 94 and 95:
Recording, ground, and reference su
Page 96 and 97:
2. Future ESA/MMPA Permit Activitie
Page 98 and 99:
3. References Dierauf 1994 Dierauf,
Page 100 and 101:
4. Acronyms ABR Auditory Brainstem
Page 103 and 104:
Table 1. Proposed activities over a
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. Proposed activities over a
Page 108 and 109:
PERSISTENT CONTAMINANTS IN SELECTED
Page 110 and 111:
Table 2. Metadata for Persistent Or
Page 112 and 113:
(PCDDs) oxygen atoms. Like PCBs, PC
Page 114 and 115:
Although no physiologic requirement
Page 116 and 117:
II.B. Concentrations of environment
Page 118 and 119:
species targeted in this review, Ca
Page 120 and 121:
data exist pertaining to contaminan
Page 122 and 123:
_____, 2002c. Draft toxicological p
Page 124 and 125:
Houde, M, Wells, R, Fair, P, Bossar
Page 126 and 127:
Neale, J., Gulland, F., Schmeltzer,
Page 128 and 129:
Tuerk, K, Kucklick, J., Becker, P.,
Page 130 and 131:
Table 1. Summary of Concentrations
Page 132 and 133:
Table 3. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
Page 134 and 135:
Appendix III. Mercury, Cadmium, Lea
Page 136 and 137:
Cadmium (Cd) (continued) Species Ti
Page 138 and 139:
Lead (Pb) (continued) Mean Date Spe
Page 140 and 141:
h Standard error of the mean i For
Page 142 and 143: Euthanasia Questionnaire Response S
Page 145 and 146: Prescott Overview FY01-07 Running T
Page 147 and 148: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE 2002 200
Page 153 and 154: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE FEDERAL
Page 157 and 158: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE 2005 FL
Page 159 and 160: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE FEDERAL
Page 161: APPENDIX L MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL
Page 164 and 165: This page left blank intentionally
Page 166 and 167: NOTICE MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESP
Page 168 and 169: MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE GU
Page 172 and 173: Organizational Structure Organizati
Page 176 and 177: Stranding Network and Facility Requ
Page 180 and 181: Sample Collection and Label: It is
Page 184 and 185: Wildlife Recovery and Transportatio
Page 188 and 189: Intake Procedures Initial Intake Pr
Page 196 and 197: Disposition Release The goal in reh
Page 206 and 207: Appendix 1. Search Effort Log Searc
Page 208 and 209: Appendix 2b. Live Marine Mammal Dat
Page 210 and 211: Appendix 3b. Dead Marine Mammal Dat
Page 212 and 213: Appendix 5. Oiled Marine Mammal Dai
Page 214 and 215: Appendix 7. Petroleum Hydrocarbon T
Page 216 and 217: Appendix 8. Oil Spill Response Labo
Page 218 and 219: Appendix 10. Chain of Custody Form
Page 220 and 221: Intentional Blank Page
Page 223 and 224: Table 1: Summary of overall statewi
Page 225 and 226: Table 3: Summary of statewide infor
show all

Volume III, Appendices EM - National Marine Fisheries Service ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?