Volume III, Appendices EM - National Marine Fisheries Service ...

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Disposition Release The goal in rehabilitating oiled marine mammals is to release healthy animals back into their natural environment. Rehabilitators, in consultation with designated trustee representatives (NMFS/FWS) must prepare a release plan that is communicated to and authorized by the Unified Command through the Liaison Officer. Certain criteria must be met prior to releasing marine mammals back into wild populations. For those animals that do not meet release criteria, several options are available including additional rehabilitation, euthanasia, or placement in a long-term holding facility. While little is known about optimal oiled marine mammal release criteria, current recommendations are based on information derived from the Exxon Valdez spill and husbandry practices at aquaria and rehabilitation centers in the United States. NMFS and FWS have developed guidance and criteria for release based on optimizing the chances for survival and minimizing the risk to wild populations (Best Practices for Marine Mammal Stranding Response, Rehabilitation, and Release – Standards for Release, http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health). The Standards for Release document describes how to characterize and assess animals using several parameters. Standards for Release 1. Historical Assessment 2. Developmental and Life History Assessment 3. Behavior Assessment and Clearance 4. Medical Assessment and Clearance 5. Release Logistics 6. Post Release Monitoring Current criteria require that animals show normal species-specific behavior (feeding, swimming, and diving), adequate body weight for age class and species, pelage proven to be in good condition, hematological and serum chemistry values within the normal range, no evidence of infectious diseases, and physical exam findings should be unremarkable. Other ancillary tests (e.g. Leptospira titer, morbillivirus titer, microbiological cultures, urinalysis, fecal examinations, etc.) may also be performed on a case-by-case basis depending on individual animal and population level concerns. The Unified Command will decide upon the location of the release with guidance from the trustee agencies Upon approval for release by UC, an exit photo of each marine mammal must be taken and specifics of the release (location, time, personnel) recorded for Natural Resource Damage Assessment purposes. Post-release monitoring, if at all possible, should be undertaken during marine mammal releases following oil exposure using radio or satellite telemetry. This effort should focus on survival rates, behavior, and reproductive success following oil contamination and rehabilitation, thus enabling 4/10/2006 Draf t 28
MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE GUIDELINES oiled marine mammal responders to evaluate the efficacy of oiled marine mammal care. Postrelease monitoring is not usually considered a response activity expense and must be funded by the stranding network participate, trustee agency or NRDA. Mortalities All oiled dead marine mammals should be collected from beaches and taken to a designated morgue. Dead animals should be logged in at the morgue using a Dead Marine Mammal Data Log (example in Appendix 3). Under certain circumstances, an oiled animal may need to be humanely euthanized in order to alleviate suffering. Animals that die during an oil spill response must have this disposition information recorded on their individual animal record as well as on the Live Marine Mammal Data Log (Appendix 2). The carcass should be identified with a written tag including the species name, date of stranding and/or admission, date of death, and the flipper tag (if a tag was affixed prior to death). If a flipper tag is present, it should remain with the carcass until final disposition of the carcass. The carcass should be refrigerated or kept on ice until a necropsy is performed. If a necropsy cannot be performed within 24 hours of death, the carcass needs to be frozen. Euthanasia During an oil spill response, there are circumstances under which it may be necessary to humanely euthanize animals. For each spill where marine mammal rehabilitation is undertaken, the rehabilitator must prepare a written euthanasia plan in consultation with the trustee representative. Euthanasia is appropriate for oiled animals with injuries that will render it unable to survive in the wild or unsuitable for use in captivity. If animals are euthanized in the field, they are collected following the procedures outlined in the Recovery and Transportation section of this document. To prevent secondary contamination or poisoning, euthanized carcasses are never left in the field. Necropsy Necropsies may be performed concurrent with response activities to identify cause of death in order to differentiate between a natural versus pollution related mortality. Fatalities to apparently un-oiled wildlife may necessitate necropsies to determine if death was caused by human interactions or if sub-apparent oil exposure or ingested petroleum contributed to the mortality. Additionally, captivity-related diseases may necessitate necropsies be performed on animals that die during rehabilitation to identify potential pathogens or husbandry techniques that are detrimental to recovery. Prior to performing a necropsy on an oiled marine mammal, specific permission must be obtained from Unified Command and the appropriate NMFS/FWS enforcement officer. The spill response veterinarian-of-record should conduct or supervise all necropsies, in consultation with the designated representative FWS or NMFS enforcement officer. In most cases, a veterinary pathologist with specialized training on marine mammals will be asked to perform the necropsy. Necropsy methods and techniques are diverse, but general procedures for marine mammal necropsies can be found in Rowles et al. (2001), Galloway and Ahlquist (1997), and Geraci and Loundsbury (1993). Specific protocols have also been developed for some marine mammals including phocids (Winchell, 1990), Killer whales (Raverty and Gaydos, 2004), Right whales (McLellan et al., 2004), and Hawaiian Monk seals (Yochem et al., 2004). These species specific procedures should be followed whenever possible in order to maintain consistency with previous data. Prior to conducting a necropsy, the trustee agency and veterinarian should agree on which forms to use; which samples to collect; how those samples will be prepared (e.g., formalin or 4/10/2006 Draf t 29
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Draft Programmatic Environmental Im
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Table E-1. Protected and Sensitive
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Bird Island Marine Sanctuary Table
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Table E-7. Protected Fisheries Reso
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Common Name Table E-10. Protected B
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Common Name Table E-12. Protected B
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Common Name Guam bridled white-eye
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Table E-14. Marine Mammals Common i
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Marine Mammal Stranding Network Org
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Organization/Individual NMFS Southw
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Organization/Individual NMFS Pacifi
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Individual NMFS Southeast Region (c
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Individual NMFS Alaska Region Organ
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Individual NMFS Pacific Islands Reg
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Teri Rowles, D.V.M., Ph.D. National
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Authorization UNITED STATES DEPARTM
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PROJECT I1 - ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITIES
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. Euthanasia 1) 2) The NMFS Nationa
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g. The Holder/PI must not harass or
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meets the minimum standards of coll
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2) Live captures; Stranding respons
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4. Persons who require state, Feder
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1 1. Any falsification of informati
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Florida Keys National Marine Sanctu
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Seattle, Washington 981 58 Blaine 9
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50 CFR $21 6.37 Marine mammal parts
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APPENDIX H GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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oats. Animals are located by having
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In some cases, animals may need to
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ecorders (TDRs), life history trans
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LHX tags are satellite linked, dela
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analyzed. During live animal respon
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1.1.12 Ultrasound Sampling Ultrasou
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interfaced to a laptop computer. Th
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Recording, ground, and reference su
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2. Future ESA/MMPA Permit Activitie
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3. References Dierauf 1994 Dierauf,
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4. Acronyms ABR Auditory Brainstem
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Table 1. Proposed activities over a
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Table 1. Proposed activities over a
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PERSISTENT CONTAMINANTS IN SELECTED
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Table 2. Metadata for Persistent Or
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(PCDDs) oxygen atoms. Like PCBs, PC
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Although no physiologic requirement
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II.B. Concentrations of environment
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species targeted in this review, Ca
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data exist pertaining to contaminan
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_____, 2002c. Draft toxicological p
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Houde, M, Wells, R, Fair, P, Bossar
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Neale, J., Gulland, F., Schmeltzer,
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Tuerk, K, Kucklick, J., Becker, P.,
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Table 1. Summary of Concentrations
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Table 3. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
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Appendix III. Mercury, Cadmium, Lea
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Cadmium (Cd) (continued) Species Ti
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Lead (Pb) (continued) Mean Date Spe
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h Standard error of the mean i For
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Euthanasia Questionnaire Response S
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Page 157 and 158: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE 2005 FL
Page 159 and 160: YEAR STATE APPLICANT TITLE FEDERAL
Page 161: APPENDIX L MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL
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Page 166 and 167: NOTICE MARINE MAMMAL OIL SPILL RESP
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Page 172 and 173: Organizational Structure Organizati
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Page 184 and 185: Wildlife Recovery and Transportatio
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Page 216 and 217: Appendix 8. Oil Spill Response Labo
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Page 223 and 224: Table 1: Summary of overall statewi
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