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The Filmmaker’s Guide to Final Cut Pro Workfl ow<br />
of the print stock, and then passes light through the negative, exposing the print. Camera-original fi lm<br />
is always B wind. Because all camera original is B wind, B-wind fi lm will always be right-reading<br />
when viewed through the base, and backwards when viewed through the emulsion. Contact printing<br />
is always done emulsion-to-emulsion because if the fi lm is printed though the base, the image will be<br />
soft. Therefore, the emulsion position of the print is always opposite the emulsion position of the fi lm<br />
being printed. The “wind” of the fi lm changes from B to A or A to B with each printing.<br />
“A” and “B” terminology is not used in 35 mm; however, the emulsion position still changes with<br />
each printing. There are rigid standards for 35 mm printing. All negatives, both original and duplicate,<br />
are right-reading when viewed through the base. All 35 mm positives, including release prints, are<br />
right-reading when viewed through the emulsion.<br />
Not so with 16 mm. A 16 mm projection print can be either A or B wind. It is necessary for all footage<br />
used in the print rolls to be B wind. If you contact printed any footage, often done with titles and<br />
effects, you need to make sure they are B wind and match your camera negative. This is usually not<br />
a problem as titles and effects are generally printed twice, once to an A-wind interpositive, and back<br />
again to a B-wind internegative.<br />
Optical Printers<br />
Film can also be optically printed. The optical printer, such as the one in Figure 5.3, is essentially a<br />
projector and a camera set up in such a way as to allow the camera to photograph the image in the<br />
Figure 5.3 On the optical printer, fi lm can be printed without reversing the position of the emulsion by<br />
printing through the clear plastic base. The optical printer can also re-compose the shot, blow-up<br />
16 mm to 35 mm and make fades and dissolves. At one time the optical printer was also used to make<br />
complex visual effects, however digital effects have mostly replaced this use of the optical printer<br />
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