EIA-REP-325d-12 _BB_ - 201.09.14.pdf - SAHRA

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having the least detrimental environmental impacts on the surrounding environment as rehabilitation is continuous with mining operations. In terms of this project various mining methods alternatives were investigated and are discussed below. 11.6.1 Area Mining The most used surface mining method for coal is strip or area mining (Refer to Figure 12: : An example of an open cast mine depicting the visual impact impact). ). Strip mining exposes the coal by removing the overburden (t (the earth above the coal seam(s)) in long cuts or strips. The spoil from the first strip is deposited in an area outside the planned mining area. Spoil from subsequent cuts is deposited as fill in the previous cut after coal has been removed. Usually, the process rocess is to drill the strip of overburden next to the previously mined strip. The drill holes are filled with explosives and blasted. The overburden is then removed using large eart earthmoving hmoving equipment such as draglines, shovel, excavator and trucks, or bucket-wheels and conveyors. This overburden is put into the previously mined (and now empty) strip. When all the overburden is removed removed, , the underlying coal seam is exposed as a 'block' of coal. This block of coal may be drilled and blasted (if hard) or otherwise loaded onto trucks or conveyors for transport to the coal preparation (or wash) plant. Once this strip is empty of coal, the pr process ocess is repeated with a new strip being created next to it. This method is most suitable for areas with flat terrain. The suitability of equipment is governed by geologic conditions. For example, to remove overburden that is loose or unconsolidated, a bucket wheel excavator might be most productive. The life of some area mines may be more than 50 years. Figure 12: : An example of an open cast mine depicting the visual impact EIA-REP-325d-11 October 2012 111
11.6.2 Contour Mining The contour mining method consists of removing overburden from the seam in a pattern following the contours along a ridge or around a hillside (Refer to Figure 13: Contour mining in Brazil). This method is most commonly used in areas with rolling to steep terrain. It was once common to deposit the spoil on the down slope side of the bench thus created, but this method of spoil disposal consumed much additional land and created severe landslide and erosion problems. To alleviate these problems, a variety of methods were devised to use freshly cut overburden to refill mined-out areas. These haul-back or lateral movement methods generally consist of an initial cut with the spoil deposited down slope or at some other site and spoil from the second cut refilling the first. A ridge of undisturbed natural material 6.1m wide is often intentionally left at the outer edge of the mined area. This barrier adds stability to the reclaimed slope by preventing spoil from slumping or sliding downhill. The limitations on contour strip mining are both economic and technical. When the operation reaches a predetermined stripping ratio (tons of overburden/tons of coal), it is not profitable to continue. Depending on the equipment available, it may not be technically feasible to exceed a certain height of high wall. At this point, it is possible to produce more coal with the augering method in which spiral drills bore tunnels into a high wall laterally from the bench to extract coal without removing the overburden. Figure 13: Contour mining in Brazil 11.6.3 Underground Mining Most coal seams are too deep underground for opencast mining and require underground mining, which method currently accounts for about 60% of world coal production (Refer to Figure 14: Underground coal mining methodology). In deep mining, the room and pillar or board and pillar method progresses along the seam, while pillars and timber are left standing to support the mine roof. Once room and pillar mines have been developed to a stopping point (limited by geology, ventilation, or economics), a supplementary version of room and pillar mining, termed second mining or retreat mining, is commonly started. This is when miners remove the coal in the EIA-REP-325d-11 October 2012 112
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November 2012 VUNENE COLLIERY (PTY)
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Photograph of site: EIA-REP-325d-11
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town of Ermelo. The area falls unde
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Figure 1: The Regulation 2(2) map o
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Figure 3: Cross section 2 from west
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There are increased demands for coa
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• All pillars in the panel are un
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• Potential reduction in crime be
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PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS A comp
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The Scoping exercise concluded that
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effect on the environment will be m
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• Choose an appropriate lining to
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were caused by extensive anthropolo
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Land capability Assessment Accordin
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EIA-REP-325d-11 October 2012 1 CONT
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10.4.1.2 DURATION .................
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Table 33: Assessment of the possibl
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PHRA - Provincial Heritage Resource
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The "Equator Principles": A financi
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INTRODUCTION Environmental Assuranc
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iii) The undertaking of a linear ac
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Due to the nature of the existing e
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The typical sequence of mining will
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Sub-surface erosions (Potholes): Po
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• Characterise the topsoil and re
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3.4 Storage of ore The Run of Mine
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• Development must be sustainable
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Item 13: The clearance of an area o
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If a Phase 1 report finds that cert
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aims to achieve a desirable balance
Page 61 and 62: precautionary measures contemplated
Page 63 and 64: EIA-REP-325d-11 October 2012 2008 8
Page 65 and 66: 7.3.2 Electricity Numerous main dis
Page 67 and 68: The water management will be undert
Page 69 and 70: No housing facilities will be provi
Page 71 and 72: Figure 7: Mining layout plan for op
Page 73 and 74: the present day erosional surface h
Page 75 and 76: Table 7: The Usutu opencast extract
Page 77 and 78: Figure 8: Witpuntspruit catchment a
Page 79 and 80: Figure 9: Tertiary and quaternary d
Page 81 and 82: HGM units encompass three key eleme
Page 83 and 84: Thunderstorms occurring frequently
Page 85 and 86: Table 12: Mean monthly evaporation
Page 87 and 88: Taphozous mauritianus Tomb Bat Witl
Page 89 and 90: The major economic activities and s
Page 91 and 92: 8.1.10 Heritage Resources Based on
Page 93 and 94: Dust suppression Dust suppression m
Page 95 and 96: EIA-REP-325d-11 October 2012 Enviro
Page 97 and 98: from Interested and Affected Partie
Page 99 and 100: In addition, the Draft Scoping Repo
Page 101 and 102: their properties and how the mining
Page 103 and 104: • Determination of Significance -
Page 105 and 106: The impact will be relevant through
Page 107 and 108: 10.4.1.7 Determination of significa
Page 109 and 110: . Significance Following Mitigation
Page 111: location is the most suitable due t
Page 115 and 116: Figure 14: Underground coal mining
Page 117 and 118: 12.3 Pollution control dam design r
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Page 121 and 122: for the project. Shift changes time
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Page 125 and 126: Source of impact Seepage from the s
Page 127 and 128: Description of impact: Construction
Page 129 and 130: Source of impact: Mining activities
Page 131 and 132: • Dust Deposition The predicted m
Page 133 and 134: • Construction vehicles should re
Page 135 and 136: Destruction of faunal habitat and t
Page 137 and 138: Significance With Mitigation (WM) E
Page 139 and 140: • All construction areas should b
Page 141 and 142: • Affected communities must be no
Page 143 and 144: • Dust from heavy vehicles; • O
Page 145 and 146: • The illumination of Vunene Coll
Page 147 and 148: Erosion may be accelerated where wa
Page 149 and 150: areas can also transfer pollutants
Page 151 and 152: • Stockpiles can be used as a bar
Page 153 and 154: Weighting factor (WF) Mitigation Ef
Page 155 and 156: The impact is considered to have a
Page 157 and 158: Significance of impact: The transpo
Page 159 and 160: Mitigation measures • The areas c
Page 161 and 162: Description of impact: The most sen
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EIA-REP-325d-11 October 2012 15. AU
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• The cumulative impact on wetlan
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• Labour guidelines should be dra
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Surface water impacts: Surface wate
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• Number of human inhabitants loc
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Table 43: Land capability classes o
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EIA-REP-325d-12 _BB_ - 201.09.14.pdf - SAHRA

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