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HClNC Vegetation Classification & mapping Project: Volume 1: Vegetation Classification Technical Report include Eucalyptus tereticornis, Angophora floribunda and Corymbia maculata. ➜ Southern tableland grassy woodlands: Restricted to a similar small zone in the southwest of the study area as the Southern Tablelands dry sclerophyll forests at elevations over 600 m, and with similar dominants, but a more low, open canopy. Dominant canopy species often include Eucalyptus blakelyi, E. melliodora and E. macrorhyncha. 2.1.5 Grasslands Native grasslands predominate in areas of lower rainfall, moderately to highly fertile clay soils and low topographical relief (Keith 2004). These communities are characterised by a predominance of tussock grass species and a relative absence of woody species. Grasslands occur from the coastal plain to the drier inland and into montane areas; however, they become more common and widespread in the more inland parts of the study area. Only two classes of natural, native grasslands are recognised by Keith (2002) within the region: ➜ Western Slopes grasslands: Restricted within the study area to the heavy clay plains of the Liverpool Plains region in the north-west, this class is characterised by dense growth of tall tussock grasses and is commonly dominated by Austrostipa aristiglumis as well as a number of other species, including Dichanthium sericeum and Austrodanthonia bipartite. ➜ Maritime grasslands: Restricted to coastal headlands, dunal systems and off-shore islands, these grasslands may occur as closed tussock grasslands on rocky headlands and islands or as sparse, open grasslands on areas of sand. Dominant species in this class include Themeda australis, Sporobolus virginicus and Lomandra longifolia. 2.1.6 Heathlands Ecologically similar to the shrubby subformation of dry sclerophyll forests, heathlands are, however, characterised by a general lack of tree species. This formation occurs typically on low-nutrient, silica-rich soils and many of the common species have adapted in various ways to acquiring trace amounts of nutrients and water from these soils. One such adaptation is the presence of proteoid root structures in many heathland shrubs which allow them to capture phosphorus and other nutrients unavailable to other plants. Within the study area four classes of heathland have been recognised by Keith (2002) and occur in isolated patches from the coastal sands and sandstone areas to rocky montane areas. Heathlands have often been left relatively intact as they tend to occur on less productive lands. ➜ Wallum Sand heaths: Restricted to near coastal sand masses and more common in the north of the study area this class is dominated by shrubs such as Banksia aemula, Leptospermum spp., Melaleuca spp. and Monotoca scoparia. A range of low mallee trees or tall shrubs may also occur as emergents. ➜ Sydney Coastal heaths: Restricted to the Sydney sandstone coastal plateaux in the southeast of the study area, this highly diverse heath is dominated by a range of shrub species including Allocasuarina distyla, Banksia oblongifolia and Hakea teretifolia. ➜ Sydney Montane heaths: Restricted within the study area to a small area of the western Blue Mountains on sandstone in the far south-west, this class is typically dominated by shrubs including Allocasuarina nana, Leptospermum trinervium and Banksia ericifolia. ➜ Coastal headland heaths: Restricted to exposed coastal headlands within the salt- 12
13 CHaPTeR 2 Vegetation of the study area spray zone, this class is less floristically diverse than other heathlands classes. Common dominant shrubs include Leptospermum laevigatum, Allocasuarina distyla and Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia. 2.1.7 Freshwater wetlands Freshwater wetlands occur on areas where perennial or permanent inundation by water, either still or moving, dominates ecological processes. They occur in a range of environments where local relief and drainage result in open surface water at least part of the time and often play a range of vital roles in the functioning of ecosystems. The periodicity and duration of inundation in wetlands often determines to a large extent the suite of species present as do the extent and depth of water. Within the study area, three separate classes of freshwater wetlands are recognised as occurring by Keith (2002): ➜ Coastal heath swamps: Restricted to local depressions of impeded drainage on coastal sands or sandstone areas this class may include some similar species to the drier coastal heathlands, however, they differ in the predominance of sedge species. Common species associated with this class include Banksia spp., Gleichenia dicarpa, Baumea rubiginosa and Leptocarpus tenax. ➜ Montane bogs and fens: Restricted to the montane areas of the Barrington Tops and Northern Tablelands in the north of the study area, bogs occur typically on poorly drained, acidic soils derived from siliceous parent materials. They are often dominated by sclerophyllous shrubs such as Leptospermum spp., Callistemon spp., Hakea spp. and sedges including Carex spp. Fens, conversely, commonly occur on richer soils derived from basalts or shales and are dominated by grasses and sedges with few shrubs. ➜ Coastal freshwater lagoons: Restricted to near-coastal floodplains and sandplains this class is commonly made up of a mosaic of open water, sedgeland and herbfield. Common species include sedges such as Baumea articulata, Cladium procerum, Eleocharis sphacelata and floating aquatic herbs such as Azolla filiculoides and Spirodella punctata. 2.1.8 Forested wetlands This formation is made up of various wetlands dominated by tree species occurring on major riverine corridors and floodplains. These communities are dominated by sclerophyllous species similar to those in drier sclerophyll communities, but with hydrophilic species dominating an inundated understorey. Three classes of forested wetlands are recognised as occurring within the study area: ➜ Coastal swamp forests: Restricted to low-lying coastal areas, this class is characterised by the predominance of paperbark species. Typical canopy species include Melaleuca quinquenervia, Eucalyptus robusta and Callistemon salignus with ferns species including Blechnum spp. and sedges often common in the understorey. ➜ Coastal floodplain wetlands: Restricted to remnants on wide coastal floodplains this class may be dominated by a range of eucalypt species including Eucalyptus grandis, E. robusta and Angophora floribunda and the understorey tends to be dominated by sedge-like species. ➜ eastern riverine forests: Restricted to the larger riverine corridors on the hinterland and further inland this class is dominated by Casuarina cunninghamiana, although in partially
Page 3: Hunter, Central & Lower North Coast
Page 6 and 7: Classification Expert Review Panel
Page 8 and 9: 3.4 Vegetation community analysis .
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HClNC Vegetation Classification & m
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BIBLIOGRaPHY Anderson, R. H. (1961)
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