Gram - SEAS

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14 I Some preLiminaries (23) Me-gbb be me-wo-e. I say say I-do-it 'I said that I did it. (where gbb is a different verb meaning 'to say'). The next stage is one in which be comes to be used as a complementizer after a whole range of matrix verbs, including, for example: gbb 'say' ttb 'write' 15 eje edzi 'agree' (lit. 'accept reach top') x;)se 'believe' nya 'know' bU 'think' v 5 'lear, be afraid' kp5 'see' ttb 'forget' se 'hear, perceive' na 'make sure' The verbs included are verbs of speaking, cognition, and perception. Since these are verbs which in most languages can have objects that are propositions (i.e., clauses), there is an obvious syntactic and semantic relationship between them and 'say.' Even so, the meaning and morphology of the 'say' verb is essentially lost in the process of grammaticalization as a complementizer. For example, in (24) we see that be may no longer take verbal affixes such as person markers (compare lIIe-df 'I-want'), nor may it productively take tense-aspect markers. (24) Me-df be map-Ie awua Qew6. I-want say I-SUBJUNCT-buy dress some 'I want to buy some dresses.' Furthermore the original meaning of 'say' in such sentences is not easy to recover. Although some of its original context is maintained (it remains a form that introduces a noun clause), it has become available to many more contexts. From being a verb that introduces something said, it has become generalized to introducing other kinds of clauses, such as reports of things seen or thought. As with English be going to and lets, the Ewe example shows not only a semantic but also a structural adjustment. Not only does the verb 'say' extend and perhaps even lose its original meaning of saying, but a construction originally consisting of two independent clauses is reanalyzed as a matrix verb plus a complement clause introduced by a complementizer. For example, (25) is reanalyzed as (26):
(25) Megbb be [mew:>e] . I-say say I-do-it '1 said I did it.' (26) Megbl::l [be mew:>e]. I-say [say I-do-it] 'I said that I did it.' 1.3 Some fu rther examples of grammaticalizatioll We will return later to fu ller discussion of reanalysis in Chapter 3. For the present, it is important to recognize that both semantic and structural reanalysis are m
Page 2 and 3: Grammaticalization Second Edition T
Page 4 and 5: Grammaticalization Second Edition P
Page 6 and 7: In memory of Dwight Bolinger 1907-1
Page 8 and 9: x Contents 3.3 Reanalysis 50 :'1.3.
Page 10 and 11: XII Contents 8.3 Implications of pi
Page 12 and 13: Tables ::1.1 Grammaticalization of
Page 14 and 15: xvi Preface and acknowledgments gra
Page 16 and 17: Abbreviations Linguistic terms ABL
Page 18 and 19: xx Abbreviations Srel relative clau
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Page 34 and 35: 16 1 Some preliminaries 1.4 Grammat
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Page 38 and 39: 20 2 The history of grammaticalizat
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Page 58 and 59: 40 3 Mechanisms: reanalysis and ana
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64 3 Mechanisms: reanalysis and ana
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66 3 Mechanisms: reanalysis an.d an
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72 4 Pragmatic factors speakers tak
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74 4 Pragmatic fa ctors based on me
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76 4 Pragmatic factors (e.g., Traug
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78 4 Pragmatic fa ctors established
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80 4 Pragmatic fa ctors Ty pically
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82 4 Pragmatic fa ctors (1975) in c
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84 4 Pragmatic factors A second que
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86 4 Pragmatic fa ctors apply to th
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88 4 Pragmatic factors the non-ling
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90 4 Pragmatic factors could no lon
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92 4 Pragmatic factors relevance of
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94 4 Pragmatic factors 4.5 Pragmati
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96 4 Pragmatic/actors Perhaps the m
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98 4 Pragmatic fa ctors The process
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100 5 The hypothesis of unidirectio
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104 5 The hypothesis of ttllidirect
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110 5 Th e hypothesis of unidirecti
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I 14 5 The hypothesis oj unidirecti
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6 Clau se-internal morphological ch
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142 6 Clause-internal morphological
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146 6 CLause-internaL morphoLogical
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150 6 CLause-internaL morphoLogicaL
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174 6 Clause-internal 17lorphologic
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176 7 Grammaticalization across cla
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180 7 Grammaticalizatioll across cl
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210 7 GrammaticaLizatiolZ across cl
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8 Grammatica lization in situations
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214 8 Situations of extreme languag
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216 8 Situations 0/ extreme languag
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224 8 Situations of extreme Languag
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232 9 Summary alld suggestions fo r
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Notes Some preliminaries I. We foll
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236 Notes to pages 152-226 2. The d
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238 References the Linguistic Codin
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240 References Breal, Michel. 1991
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242 Refe rences Chafe, Wallace L. 1
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244 References Dietrich, W. 1973. D
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246 References Genetti, Carol 1991.
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248 Refe rences Halpern, Aaron. 199
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250 References Hopper, Paul. 1987.
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252 References Kemenade, Ans van. I
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254 References Lambrecht, Knud. 199
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256 References Los, Beuelou. 1999.
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258 References Ohori . Toshio, ed.
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260 References Sankoff, Gillian. 19
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262 References Ti mberlake. Alan. 1
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264 References Wi scher, lise, and
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266 Index a/ names Couper-Kuhlen. E
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268 Index a/ names Meillet, Antoine
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Index of languages Akkadian 190. 19
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General index abduction 41-3, 72, 7
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274 General index grammatical word
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276 General index universals 17, 27
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