Gram - SEAS

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x Contents 3.3 Reanalysis 50 :'1.3. 1 The French inflectional future 52 3.3.2 The English modal auxiliaries 55 3.4 The independence of reanalysis and grammaticalization 58 3.4. 1 Word-order change 59 3.5 Analogy/rule generalization 63 3.6 The differential effects of reanalysis and analogy 68 3.7 Conclusion 69 4 Pragmatic factors 71 4. 1 Introduction 71 4.2 Inferencing and meaning change 74 4.2. 1 Semantics and pragmatics 76 4.2.2 Relationships between senses of a form: homonymy and polysemy 77 4.2.3 Conversational and conventional inferencing 78 4.3 The role of pragmatic inferencing in grammaticalization 81 4.3. 1 Metaphorical processes 84 4.3.2 Metonymic processes 87 4.4 Metaphor and metonymy as problem solving 92 4.5 Pragmatic enrichment versus "bleaching" 94 4.6 Conclusion 98 5 The hypothesis of unidirectionality 99 5. 1 Introduction 99 5.2 Generalization 100 5.2. 1 Generalization of meaning 101 5.2.2 Generalization of grammatical fu nction 104 5.3 Decategorialization 106 5.3. 1 A noun-to-affix cline 110 5.3.2 A verb-to-affix cline III 5.3.3 Multiple paths 114 5.4 Some processes participating in unidirectionality 115 5.4. 1 Specialization 116 5.4.2 Divergence 118 5.4.3 Renewal 122 5.5 A synchronic result of unidirectionality: layering 124 5.6 Frequency 126 5.6. 1 Frequency effects 127 5.6.2 Synchronic studies of frequency 128 5.6.3 Diachronic studies of frequency 129 5.7 Counterexamples to unidirectionality 130 5.8 The uses of unidirectionality in reconstruction 138 5.9 Conclusion 139
Contellts XI 6 Clause-internal morphological changes 6. 1 Introduction 6.2 Morphologization 6.2. 1 Some characteristics of clitics 6.2.2 Positions of clitics 6.2.3 Semantic "relevance" as a factor in fusion and morpheme 140 140 140 142 order 151 6.2.4 Phonological concomitants of morphologization 154 6.3 The development of paradigms 159 6.4 Argument-structure marking: functional-semantic hierarchies and morphological generalization 165 6.4. 1 Object marking in Persian 165 6.4.2 Ergative case marking: a statistical perspective 168 6.5 Loss 172 6.6 Conclusion 174 7 <strong>Gram</strong>maticalization across clauses 7. 1 Introduction 7.2 A cline of clause-comhining consuuctions 7.2. 1 Parataxis 7.2.2 Hypotaxis 7.2.3 Subordination 7.3 The grammaticalization of clause linkers 7.4 Examples of the development of complex sentence constructions 7.4. 1 ThaI-complementation in English 7.4.2 Quotative say-constluctions in Akkadian 7.4.3 Relative clauses in English and Hittite 7.5 From complex to simple clauses 7.5. 1 From clause chaining to verb intlection in Lhasa 7.5.2 Two conjoined cluses reanalyzed as a single clause 7.5.3 From main clause construction to sentential adverb in contemporary English 7.6 Some counterexamples to unidirectionality in clause combining 7.7 Conclusion 8 <strong>Gram</strong>maticalization in situations of extreme language contact 8. 1 Introduction 8.2 Basic characteristics of pidgins and creoles 8.2. 1 Some characteristics of pidgins 8.2.2 Some characteristics of creoles 143 175 175 176 179 181 183 184 190 190 194 196 204 204 206 207 209 21 1 212 212 213 214 216
Page 2 and 3: Grammaticalization Second Edition T
Page 4 and 5: Grammaticalization Second Edition P
Page 6 and 7: In memory of Dwight Bolinger 1907-1
Page 10 and 11: XII Contents 8.3 Implications of pi
Page 12 and 13: Tables ::1.1 Grammaticalization of
Page 14 and 15: xvi Preface and acknowledgments gra
Page 16 and 17: Abbreviations Linguistic terms ABL
Page 18 and 19: xx Abbreviations Srel relative clau
Page 20 and 21: 2 I Some preliminaries recurring co
Page 22 and 23: 4 J Some preliminaries 1.2 What is
Page 24 and 25: 6 J Some preliminaries relationship
Page 26 and 27: 8 I Some preliminaries tendencies.
Page 28 and 29: 10 J Some preliminaries 1.3. 1 Lets
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Page 32 and 33: 14 I Some preLiminaries (23) Me-gbb
Page 34 and 35: 16 1 Some preliminaries 1.4 Grammat
Page 36 and 37: 18 I Some preliminaries same way. F
Page 38 and 39: 20 2 The history of grammaticalizat
Page 44 and 45: 26 2 The histOlY of gramm atica liz
Page 48 and 49: 30 2 The histOlY of grammaticalizat
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40 3 Mechanisms: reanalysis and ana
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48 3 Mechanisms: reanaLysis and ana
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50 3 Mechanisms: reanalysis and all
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60 3 Mechanisms: reallalysis and an
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66 3 Mechanisms: reanalysis an.d an
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72 4 Pragmatic factors speakers tak
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74 4 Pragmatic fa ctors based on me
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76 4 Pragmatic factors (e.g., Traug
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78 4 Pragmatic fa ctors established
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80 4 Pragmatic fa ctors Ty pically
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82 4 Pragmatic fa ctors (1975) in c
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84 4 Pragmatic factors A second que
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86 4 Pragmatic fa ctors apply to th
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88 4 Pragmatic factors the non-ling
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90 4 Pragmatic factors could no lon
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92 4 Pragmatic factors relevance of
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94 4 Pragmatic factors 4.5 Pragmati
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96 4 Pragmatic/actors Perhaps the m
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98 4 Pragmatic fa ctors The process
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100 5 The hypothesis of unidirectio
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104 5 The hypothesis of ttllidirect
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110 5 Th e hypothesis of unidirecti
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I 14 5 The hypothesis oj unidirecti
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6 Clau se-internal morphological ch
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142 6 Clause-internal morphological
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146 6 CLause-internaL morphoLogical
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150 6 CLause-internaL morphoLogicaL
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174 6 Clause-internal 17lorphologic
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176 7 Grammaticalization across cla
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180 7 Grammaticalizatioll across cl
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210 7 GrammaticaLizatiolZ across cl
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8 Grammatica lization in situations
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214 8 Situations of extreme languag
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216 8 Situations 0/ extreme languag
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224 8 Situations of extreme Languag
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232 9 Summary alld suggestions fo r
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Notes Some preliminaries I. We foll
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236 Notes to pages 152-226 2. The d
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238 References the Linguistic Codin
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240 References Breal, Michel. 1991
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242 Refe rences Chafe, Wallace L. 1
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244 References Dietrich, W. 1973. D
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246 References Genetti, Carol 1991.
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248 Refe rences Halpern, Aaron. 199
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250 References Hopper, Paul. 1987.
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252 References Kemenade, Ans van. I
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254 References Lambrecht, Knud. 199
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256 References Los, Beuelou. 1999.
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258 References Ohori . Toshio, ed.
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260 References Sankoff, Gillian. 19
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262 References Ti mberlake. Alan. 1
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264 References Wi scher, lise, and
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266 Index a/ names Couper-Kuhlen. E
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268 Index a/ names Meillet, Antoine
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Index of languages Akkadian 190. 19
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General index abduction 41-3, 72, 7
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274 General index grammatical word
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276 General index universals 17, 27
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