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18 I Some preliminaries same way. For us it is a two-pronged branch ofli nguistics: (i) a research framework for studying the relationships between lexical, constructional, and grammatical material in language, diachronically and synchronically, both in particular languages and cross-linguistically, and (ii) a term referring to the change whereby lexical items and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical fu nctions and, once grammaticalized, continue to develop new grammatical functions. The bibliography of monographs, edited collections, and journal articles that adopt some aspect of grammaticalization as a given is now so extensive as to preclude anything like an exhaustive account of it. In the next chapter we will present an outline of the history of grammaticalization and a survey of some recent work, especially as it pertains to the rest of this book.
2 The history of grammatica lization 2.1 Introduction <strong>Gram</strong>maticalization is the study of grammatical forms, however defined, viewed not as static objects but as entities undergoing change. It has had many practitioners, has been characterized in many different ways. and has occupicd at various times both central and marginal positions in linguistics. In this chapter we will survey briefly the thought of some of the m,jor figures in the early study of grammaticalization, mention some of the contemporary linguists who are interested in the subdiscipline, and briefly summarize some of the more recent developments. Other surveys of the history of grammaticalization can he found in C. Lehmann (1995 [1982]) and Heine, Claudi. and Hunnemeyer (199Ia). 2.2 Earlier research on grammaticalization The term "grammaticalization" itself was apparently coined by the French linguist Antoine Meillet, an Indo-Europeanist who at one time had been a student of Saussure. In a well-known definition; Meillet writes of "the attribution of grammatical character to an erstwhile autonomous word" I ("I'attribution du caractere grammatical a un mot jadis autonome"; Meillet 1912: 131). Yet Meillet's ideas on the origins of grammatical forms have predecessors in earlier speculations that were often rooted in assumptions about the evolutionary development of human speech. Perhaps the most sophisticated of these speculations about the origins of grammar was that proposed by the German philosopher and humanist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767- 1835). In a published lecture entitled "On the genesis of grammatical forms and their intluence on the evolution of ideas" ("Uber dar> Entstehen tier grammatikalischen Formen und ihren EinftuB aufdie Ideencntwicklung") given in 1822 he suggested that the grammatical structure of human languages was preceded by an evolutionary stage of language in which only concrete ideas could tt)
Page 2 and 3: Grammaticalization Second Edition T
Page 4 and 5: Grammaticalization Second Edition P
Page 6 and 7: In memory of Dwight Bolinger 1907-1
Page 8 and 9: x Contents 3.3 Reanalysis 50 :'1.3.
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Page 16 and 17: Abbreviations Linguistic terms ABL
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72 4 Pragmatic factors speakers tak
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74 4 Pragmatic fa ctors based on me
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76 4 Pragmatic factors (e.g., Traug
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78 4 Pragmatic fa ctors established
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80 4 Pragmatic fa ctors Ty pically
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84 4 Pragmatic factors A second que
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94 4 Pragmatic factors 4.5 Pragmati
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96 4 Pragmatic/actors Perhaps the m
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98 4 Pragmatic fa ctors The process
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100 5 The hypothesis of unidirectio
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104 5 The hypothesis of ttllidirect
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6 Clau se-internal morphological ch
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142 6 Clause-internal morphological
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146 6 CLause-internaL morphoLogical
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150 6 CLause-internaL morphoLogicaL
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176 7 Grammaticalization across cla
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210 7 GrammaticaLizatiolZ across cl
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8 Grammatica lization in situations
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214 8 Situations of extreme languag
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216 8 Situations 0/ extreme languag
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224 8 Situations of extreme Languag
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232 9 Summary alld suggestions fo r
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Notes Some preliminaries I. We foll
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236 Notes to pages 152-226 2. The d
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238 References the Linguistic Codin
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240 References Breal, Michel. 1991
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242 Refe rences Chafe, Wallace L. 1
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244 References Dietrich, W. 1973. D
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246 References Genetti, Carol 1991.
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248 Refe rences Halpern, Aaron. 199
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250 References Hopper, Paul. 1987.
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252 References Kemenade, Ans van. I
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254 References Lambrecht, Knud. 199
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256 References Los, Beuelou. 1999.
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258 References Ohori . Toshio, ed.
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260 References Sankoff, Gillian. 19
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262 References Ti mberlake. Alan. 1
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264 References Wi scher, lise, and
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266 Index a/ names Couper-Kuhlen. E
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268 Index a/ names Meillet, Antoine
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Index of languages Akkadian 190. 19
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General index abduction 41-3, 72, 7
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274 General index grammatical word
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276 General index universals 17, 27
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