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<strong>Gram</strong>maticalization Second Edition PAUL J. HOPPER Paul Melloll Distillgllis/led Pmfessor of Humallities, Carnegie MellcJII Ulliversity ELIZABETH CLOSS TRAUGOTT Professor of Lillguistics alld Ellglish, Stallford Ulliversity ",:':"", CAMBRIDGE : : : UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge. New York. Melbourne. Madrid. Cape Town. Singapore. Sao Paulo. Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building. Cambridge. CB2 8RU. UK Published in the Un ited States of America by Cambridge Un iversity Press. New York www.canlbridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/978052 1 8042 19 © Paul 1. Hopper. Elizabeth Closs Traugoll 1993. 2003 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements. no reproduction of any part may take place without the writlen permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1993 Second edition 2003 Fourth prillling 2008 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press. Cambridge A cata/olille record./ill" 'his /Jllblicatioll is tlI'ai/ab/e fhnn the British LibrCII)' Librw:v (!f" COI/IIIl!,u Caw/olluillg ill Publicatioll daw al'l'lied./ill" ISBN 978-0-521-00948-5 hardback ISBN 978-0-5 21-80421-9 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication. and does not guarantee that any cOlllent on such websites is. or will remain. accurllle or appropriate.
Page 2 and 3: Grammaticalization Second Edition T
Page 6 and 7: In memory of Dwight Bolinger 1907-1
Page 8 and 9: x Contents 3.3 Reanalysis 50 :'1.3.
Page 10 and 11: XII Contents 8.3 Implications of pi
Page 12 and 13: Tables ::1.1 Grammaticalization of
Page 14 and 15: xvi Preface and acknowledgments gra
Page 16 and 17: Abbreviations Linguistic terms ABL
Page 18 and 19: xx Abbreviations Srel relative clau
Page 20 and 21: 2 I Some preliminaries recurring co
Page 22 and 23: 4 J Some preliminaries 1.2 What is
Page 24 and 25: 6 J Some preliminaries relationship
Page 26 and 27: 8 I Some preliminaries tendencies.
Page 28 and 29: 10 J Some preliminaries 1.3. 1 Lets
Page 30 and 31: 12 J Some preliminaries form of us.
Page 32 and 33: 14 I Some preLiminaries (23) Me-gbb
Page 34 and 35: 16 1 Some preliminaries 1.4 Grammat
Page 36 and 37: 18 I Some preliminaries same way. F
Page 38 and 39: 20 2 The history of grammaticalizat
Page 44 and 45: 26 2 The histOlY of gramm atica liz
Page 48 and 49: 30 2 The histOlY of grammaticalizat
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36 2 The history ojgrammaticalizati
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38 2 Th e history of grammaticaliza
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40 3 Mechanisms: reanalysis and ana
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48 3 Mechanisms: reanaLysis and ana
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50 3 Mechanisms: reanalysis and all
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60 3 Mechanisms: reallalysis and an
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66 3 Mechanisms: reanalysis an.d an
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72 4 Pragmatic factors speakers tak
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74 4 Pragmatic fa ctors based on me
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76 4 Pragmatic factors (e.g., Traug
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78 4 Pragmatic fa ctors established
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80 4 Pragmatic fa ctors Ty pically
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82 4 Pragmatic fa ctors (1975) in c
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84 4 Pragmatic factors A second que
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86 4 Pragmatic fa ctors apply to th
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88 4 Pragmatic factors the non-ling
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90 4 Pragmatic factors could no lon
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92 4 Pragmatic factors relevance of
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94 4 Pragmatic factors 4.5 Pragmati
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96 4 Pragmatic/actors Perhaps the m
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98 4 Pragmatic fa ctors The process
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100 5 The hypothesis of unidirectio
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104 5 The hypothesis of ttllidirect
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110 5 Th e hypothesis of unidirecti
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I 14 5 The hypothesis oj unidirecti
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6 Clau se-internal morphological ch
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142 6 Clause-internal morphological
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146 6 CLause-internaL morphoLogical
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150 6 CLause-internaL morphoLogicaL
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174 6 Clause-internal 17lorphologic
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176 7 Grammaticalization across cla
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180 7 Grammaticalizatioll across cl
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210 7 GrammaticaLizatiolZ across cl
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8 Grammatica lization in situations
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214 8 Situations of extreme languag
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216 8 Situations 0/ extreme languag
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224 8 Situations of extreme Languag
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232 9 Summary alld suggestions fo r
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Notes Some preliminaries I. We foll
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236 Notes to pages 152-226 2. The d
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238 References the Linguistic Codin
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240 References Breal, Michel. 1991
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242 Refe rences Chafe, Wallace L. 1
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244 References Dietrich, W. 1973. D
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246 References Genetti, Carol 1991.
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248 Refe rences Halpern, Aaron. 199
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250 References Hopper, Paul. 1987.
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252 References Kemenade, Ans van. I
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254 References Lambrecht, Knud. 199
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256 References Los, Beuelou. 1999.
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258 References Ohori . Toshio, ed.
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260 References Sankoff, Gillian. 19
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262 References Ti mberlake. Alan. 1
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264 References Wi scher, lise, and
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266 Index a/ names Couper-Kuhlen. E
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268 Index a/ names Meillet, Antoine
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Index of languages Akkadian 190. 19
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General index abduction 41-3, 72, 7
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274 General index grammatical word
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276 General index universals 17, 27
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