2007 PhD Thesis Final Revised.pdf - Curtin University

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products can be broken up into four categories: seeing, hearing, keyboard and mouse The mouse options were also similar to Windows, providing a variety of options for alerts were also included in the Mac OS 10 platform for the hearing impaired. The similarity between Mac OS and Windows demonstrated that, until recently, the accessibility of mainstream GUI platforms has been similar. The main features that separated the Mac OS 10 platform from products such resulting in vastly improved accessibility. Mac OS 10.2 provided a full-screen zoom been further refined and in the current version of Mac OS, 10.4, it provides a stable fully-featured product incorporated into the operating system. The other standout accessibility feature on the Mac OS 10.4 platform was the similar to other third-party text-to-speech applications discussed earlier in the chapter limited market share of the Apple Macintosh, it is expected that these additional computer users and make it a more affordable and competitive choice on the PC market. Like the accessibility features in Windows-based platforms, the Macintosh accessibility features. The initial release of Mac OS 10 featured similar keyboard options to Windows including Sticky keys and other keyboard customisation options. presenting the mouse arrow and MouseKeys to provide alternate access. Visual as Windows was the implementation of the magnification and speech facilities. Since the original release of Mac OS 10, there have been four major refinements feature, similar to the third-party products discussed earlier in the chapter. Additional keyboard shortcuts were also provided to adjust the desktop instantly, such as the ability to change to a high contrast colour scheme. The zoom feature has use of voice recognition and text-to-speech. The original release of Mac OS 10 featured benefits such as speech recognition for GUI navigation and talking alerts for speech output. The initial talking alerts and text-to-speech functionality was limited until 10.4 where the new fully integrated VoiceOver program was implemented. This endeavoured to provide full text-to-speech functionality into the OS. VoiceOver was but with the added benefit of being included in the operating system. Given the accessibility products in the OS will increase the awareness of the Macintosh 119
The UNIX platform has faced a difficult road in the path of accessibility for the home user. The nature of the UNIX OS, and in particular the PC-based Linux variant, relied heavily on the input of volunteers to develop accessibility programs. The other difficulty was that there were two primary GUI environments in the Linux OS: GNOME and KDE. Whilst there was some limited commercial support for GNOME from Sun Microsystems, development still lies primarily with the product’s own user base. Both the GNOME and KDE interfaces provide limited accessibility functionality in the form of keyboard and mouse tools. There are also limited magnification programs and desktop modifications. In addition, several UNIX- specific applications, such as Dasher, have been developed to provide greater text input facilities to people with mobility disabilities. However, despite the attractiveness of using a freeware OS in an expensive AT environment, neither GNOME nor KDE at the time of writing provide the effectiveness or stability of accessible tools that are currently available for the Windows or Mac OS platforms. The examination of these accessibility tools highlights the similarities and differences in the provision of corporate policy. The similarities between all three operating systems are the use of the GUI. As previously discussed, the GUI has a wide variety of advantages for the mainstream user but has disadvantages for people with vision disabilities. One of the most notable issues regarding the GUI is lack of experimental design. Most GUI environments have not undergone any fundamental changes in recent years. Microsoft Windows, for example, is similar today to how it looked in 1995 and the Mac OS interface resembles its original incarnation in 1984. It may be the case that the significant step forward that the GUI brought is now holding development back from further technological advance because new innovative designs could potentially remove the benefits that the GUI currently provides. In relation to the disability divide, a change in thinking would be highly beneficial in providing a more accessible computing environment. Yet it is unlikely that the implementation of a non-GUI OS will emerge in the near future. The tools which are automatically included in the OS of a computer system are examined with great interest in the hope that they will deliver the required technologies without having such a high price tag for additional AT products. 120
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Faculty of Media, Society and Cultu
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ABSTRACT People with disabilities,
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3.0 ELEMENTS OF THE DISABILITY DIVI
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APPENDIX A: PERSONAL INTERVIEWS....
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following orga
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INTRODUCTION Purpose of the study A
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! Are computing and Internet-relate
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disabilities in the workforce. As a
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entertainment package and, at worst
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Chapter 6, The provision of operati
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Australia, approximately four milli
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which people with disabilities perc
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dependence (J. Wilson & Wilson, 200
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economic model complements the righ
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ole of people with disabilities, go
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time. Policy and resulting legislat
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improved, funds were now available
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United Nations (UN) during the Inte
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actions and participation is connec
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occasional struggle for people with
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lindness within society also create
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communication. This chapter contrib
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seen as applicable to the developme
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Although clear-path and object-anal
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easily interpret text, making the A
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interface in their next OS release.
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networks so that there is exchange
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of information largely inaccessible
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again become sufficiently accessibl
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Figure 3.1 Household Computer or In
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of tertiary education compound the
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desire to repair the inferior body
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computing firms seemed to take issu
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an operating environment which was
Page 69 and 70: accessible and compatible with AT p
Page 71 and 72: cater for the needs of this group.
Page 73 and 74: 4.2 Methodology for personal interv
Page 75 and 76: ! Steger, John. Senior Consultant,
Page 77 and 78: All of these points were used with
Page 79 and 80: ates improved significantly due to
Page 81 and 82: (f) to assist in achieving positive
Page 83 and 84: disability-related discrimination i
Page 85 and 86: was that Section 508 only applied t
Page 87 and 88: in order to combat the disability d
Page 89 and 90: Such views again highlight the inco
Page 91 and 92: vision disabilities must rely on US
Page 93 and 94: 5.0 THE PROVISION OF ONLINE INFORMA
Page 95 and 96: exist but not how to resolve the pr
Page 97 and 98: ace information for the Sydney 2000
Page 99 and 100: Essentially, the SOCOG case present
Page 101 and 102: In terms of finding out what people
Page 103 and 104: devices. The study concluded that t
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 THE PROVISION OF OPERATING SYST
Page 107 and 108: networking infrastructure market, w
Page 109 and 110: Internet were accessible, it could
Page 111 and 112: developer conferences as a good way
Page 113 and 114: 6.3 Disability-specific product ven
Page 115 and 116: company which tries to do everythin
Page 117 and 118: user through to large networks and
Page 119: with low vision was the addition of
Page 123 and 124: of writing, Microsoft is being sued
Page 125 and 126: character containing two dots. Brai
Page 127 and 128: Figure 6.7 Vario 80 Refreshable Bra
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.10 Omni Phantom (SensAble
Page 131 and 132: addition there are other input-base
Page 133 and 134: HP, Cisco and IBM have all contribu
Page 135 and 136: ‘upper-echelons’ of users would
Page 137 and 138: such as Vision Australia located at
Page 139 and 140: internal policies reflect the need
Page 141 and 142: arely given the chance to voice the
Page 143 and 144: 1. to demonstrate the ways in which
Page 145 and 146: Section B focused on the use of com
Page 147 and 148: question was to determine the exten
Page 149 and 150: defined opinions in this study. The
Page 151 and 152: the type and significance of an ind
Page 153 and 154: The print and Braille formats were
Page 155 and 156: with 23 telephone interviews and 3
Page 157 and 158: Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid 1
Page 159 and 160: Valid Male Female Total Gender Freq
Page 161 and 162: Frequency 200 150 100 50 0 Valid Fu
Page 163 and 164: Valid Degenerative Stable Total Vis
Page 165 and 166: Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid M
Page 167 and 168: 7.4.2 Computing and assistive techn
Page 169 and 170: Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Kno
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Ability
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Frequency 150 120 90 60 30 0 Valid
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Frequency 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
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N Valid Missing Familiarity of Inte
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Frequency 125 100 75 50 25 0 Valid
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Val
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid D
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Internet session will contain a var
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Frequency 250 200 150 100 50 0 Vali
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Frequency 250 200 150 100 50 0 Vali
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Dis
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Gov
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Frequency 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Des
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid I
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7.4.5 Open-ended comments The Comme
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There were also a number of comment
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8.0 ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 8.1 Introd
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levels of the working population. A
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the colour scheme question received
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Respondents were fairly evenly spre
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esult indicated that it is likely t
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able to interact with computing and
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Count Ability to Understand and Use
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Ability to Understand and Use a Com
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that knowledge of IT did not necess
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impaired people were not associated
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Count Income Total Income * Cost of
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8.3.5 Disability-specific issues fo
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The final comparison focused on the
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CONCLUSION Addressing the research
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with vision disabilities until the
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ole of this policy, in terms of inf
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een largely resolved in recent time
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vision disabilities perceived the I
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In essence, this study has revealed
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! the creation and implementation o
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Australian Federal Government. (200
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Galitz, W. (2002). Essential Guide
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Lindlif, T. R., & Shatzer, M. J. (1
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Stubbins, J. (1977). Social and Psy
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Zakon, R. (2002, 1 April). Hobbes'
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ETHICS APPROVAL: products and servi
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Name: _ Signature: Date: authorizat
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13. In the United States, the Rehab
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8. Do you perceive that people with
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Title: Department: Organisation: Ye
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18. In your opinion, are educationa
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e found at http://www.vipsurvey.org
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[ ] 2 Living in shared accommodatio
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[ ] 1 Screen magnification software
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24. My ability to use the Internet
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process which I mastered by myself:
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! 5.2 For data tables that have two
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! 10.5 Until user agents (including
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IBM International Business Machines
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