2007 PhD Thesis Final Revised.pdf - Curtin University

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4.0 DISABILITY-SPECIFIC POLICY AND LEGISLATION 4.1 Introduction Previous chapters have identified that changes in society and changes in technology affect the welfare of people with disabilities. Clearly such changes offer potential benefits to people with disabilities, yet these benefits are largely undercut by difficulties that occur during the transition process. New technologies adopted by the mainstream, for example, are often not accessible to people who are blind or vision impaired. This cyclic issue is identified in this thesis as the disability divide. In order to identify the specific issues of the current disability divide, it is necessary to examine the role of such changes through the creation and implementation of policy. As indicated earlier, policy is created as a reflection of the views of society, and the implementation of such policy, in government and corporate realms. The purpose of this chapter is to discover specific policy and legislative issues which are contributing to the disability divide. Although the creation of disability-specific and IT-based legislation and policy have improved the welfare of people who are blind or vision impaired, it is necessary to examine the different frameworks offered by Australia and the USA to determine the effectiveness of the delivery of IT tools and resources. This examination is achieved through interviews with key individuals in policy and legislative development, the exploration of historical policy and legislative development, the role of current legislation and the significance of current disability and IT legislation for people with vision disabilities. 71
4.2 Methodology for personal interviews In order to gather current information from these areas, personal interviews were organised with representatives from government organisations, media organisations, mainstream IT corporations and AT-specific corporations. The reasons for using personal interviews to gather this data were due to a number of factors. Firstly, there is relatively little information regarding the way in which government, the media and IT corporations cater for the IT needs of people who are blind and vision impaired and as such it was important to go directly to the source. Secondly, the personal interview process ensured that the interviewee would allocate an uninterrupted block of time for the study. In many corporate and government organisations, it is difficult for participants to find the time to complete print-based interview questions within their regular working hours. In addition, a personal interview allows the interviewee to gain a better understanding of the reasons for the interview and their role in the study. The following Australian people and organizations were interviewed: ! An anonymous Senior Policy Advisor, Department of Family and Community Services, Canberra. Interview conducted 24 June 2003. ! Ellis, Annette (MP). Disability Spokesperson for the Australian Labor Party, Canberra. Interview conducted 25 June 2003. ! Hathaway, Ron. Managing Director, Humanware (formerly PulseData), Sydney. Interview conducted 19 June 2003. ! Hazell, Phil. National Manager, Humanware (formerly PulseData), Sydney. Interview conducted 19 June 2003. ! Hill, Tony. President, Internet Society of Australia, Canberra. Interview conducted 23 June 2003. ! Huta, Peter. Manager, Community Connectivity, National Office of the Information Economy (NOIE), Canberra. Interview conducted 26 June 2003. ! Lundy, Kate (Senator). Labor Shadow Information Technology Minister, Canberra. Interview conducted 26 June 2003. ! Miles, Alan. Project office for Digital Divide research, Australian Capital territory Government, Canberra. Interview conducted 24 June 2003. 72
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Faculty of Media, Society and Cultu
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ABSTRACT People with disabilities,
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3.0 ELEMENTS OF THE DISABILITY DIVI
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APPENDIX A: PERSONAL INTERVIEWS....
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following orga
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INTRODUCTION Purpose of the study A
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! Are computing and Internet-relate
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disabilities in the workforce. As a
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entertainment package and, at worst
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Chapter 6, The provision of operati
Page 21 and 22: Australia, approximately four milli
Page 23 and 24: which people with disabilities perc
Page 25 and 26: dependence (J. Wilson & Wilson, 200
Page 27 and 28: economic model complements the righ
Page 29 and 30: ole of people with disabilities, go
Page 31 and 32: time. Policy and resulting legislat
Page 33 and 34: improved, funds were now available
Page 35 and 36: United Nations (UN) during the Inte
Page 37 and 38: actions and participation is connec
Page 39 and 40: occasional struggle for people with
Page 41 and 42: lindness within society also create
Page 43 and 44: communication. This chapter contrib
Page 45 and 46: seen as applicable to the developme
Page 47 and 48: Although clear-path and object-anal
Page 49 and 50: easily interpret text, making the A
Page 51 and 52: interface in their next OS release.
Page 53 and 54: networks so that there is exchange
Page 55 and 56: of information largely inaccessible
Page 57 and 58: again become sufficiently accessibl
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3.1 Household Computer or In
Page 61 and 62: of tertiary education compound the
Page 63 and 64: desire to repair the inferior body
Page 65 and 66: computing firms seemed to take issu
Page 67 and 68: an operating environment which was
Page 69 and 70: accessible and compatible with AT p
Page 71: cater for the needs of this group.
Page 75 and 76: ! Steger, John. Senior Consultant,
Page 77 and 78: All of these points were used with
Page 79 and 80: ates improved significantly due to
Page 81 and 82: (f) to assist in achieving positive
Page 83 and 84: disability-related discrimination i
Page 85 and 86: was that Section 508 only applied t
Page 87 and 88: in order to combat the disability d
Page 89 and 90: Such views again highlight the inco
Page 91 and 92: vision disabilities must rely on US
Page 93 and 94: 5.0 THE PROVISION OF ONLINE INFORMA
Page 95 and 96: exist but not how to resolve the pr
Page 97 and 98: ace information for the Sydney 2000
Page 99 and 100: Essentially, the SOCOG case present
Page 101 and 102: In terms of finding out what people
Page 103 and 104: devices. The study concluded that t
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 THE PROVISION OF OPERATING SYST
Page 107 and 108: networking infrastructure market, w
Page 109 and 110: Internet were accessible, it could
Page 111 and 112: developer conferences as a good way
Page 113 and 114: 6.3 Disability-specific product ven
Page 115 and 116: company which tries to do everythin
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Page 119 and 120: with low vision was the addition of
Page 121 and 122: The UNIX platform has faced a diffi
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of writing, Microsoft is being sued
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character containing two dots. Brai
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Figure 6.7 Vario 80 Refreshable Bra
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Figure 6.10 Omni Phantom (SensAble
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addition there are other input-base
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HP, Cisco and IBM have all contribu
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‘upper-echelons’ of users would
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such as Vision Australia located at
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internal policies reflect the need
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arely given the chance to voice the
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1. to demonstrate the ways in which
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Section B focused on the use of com
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question was to determine the exten
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defined opinions in this study. The
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the type and significance of an ind
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The print and Braille formats were
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with 23 telephone interviews and 3
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid 1
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Valid Male Female Total Gender Freq
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Frequency 200 150 100 50 0 Valid Fu
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Valid Degenerative Stable Total Vis
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid M
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7.4.2 Computing and assistive techn
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Kno
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Ability
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Frequency 150 120 90 60 30 0 Valid
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Frequency 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
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N Valid Missing Familiarity of Inte
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Frequency 125 100 75 50 25 0 Valid
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Val
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid D
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Internet session will contain a var
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Frequency 250 200 150 100 50 0 Vali
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Frequency 250 200 150 100 50 0 Vali
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Dis
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Gov
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Frequency 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Des
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid I
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7.4.5 Open-ended comments The Comme
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There were also a number of comment
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8.0 ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 8.1 Introd
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levels of the working population. A
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the colour scheme question received
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Respondents were fairly evenly spre
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esult indicated that it is likely t
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able to interact with computing and
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Count Ability to Understand and Use
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Ability to Understand and Use a Com
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that knowledge of IT did not necess
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impaired people were not associated
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Count Income Total Income * Cost of
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8.3.5 Disability-specific issues fo
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The final comparison focused on the
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CONCLUSION Addressing the research
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with vision disabilities until the
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ole of this policy, in terms of inf
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een largely resolved in recent time
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vision disabilities perceived the I
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In essence, this study has revealed
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! the creation and implementation o
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Australian Federal Government. (200
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Galitz, W. (2002). Essential Guide
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Lindlif, T. R., & Shatzer, M. J. (1
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Stubbins, J. (1977). Social and Psy
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Zakon, R. (2002, 1 April). Hobbes'
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ETHICS APPROVAL: products and servi
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Name: _ Signature: Date: authorizat
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13. In the United States, the Rehab
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8. Do you perceive that people with
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Title: Department: Organisation: Ye
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18. In your opinion, are educationa
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e found at http://www.vipsurvey.org
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[ ] 2 Living in shared accommodatio
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[ ] 1 Screen magnification software
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24. My ability to use the Internet
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process which I mastered by myself:
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! 5.2 For data tables that have two
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! 10.5 Until user agents (including
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IBM International Business Machines
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