2007 PhD Thesis Final Revised.pdf - Curtin University

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4.3 Historical development of disability and information technology legislation In the 1970s, the move towards a rights-based approach to managing disability saw equity and social justice become the primary basis for the development of policies guiding the treatment of people with disabilities. Although there was little initial support for improvements in disability-related legislation, when the WHO released official definitions for the terms disability, impairment and handicap, the establishment of disability policy and legislation through the early to mid-1980s became easier to create. In Australia, the primary piece of legislation was the Disability Services Act (DSA), 1986. Within the same time period as the move to a rights-based social category was the dawn of personal computing which, itself, was often understood in terms of a liberation, of sorts, from some physical constraints. As people discovered the benefits of personal computing, Western governments were presented with a challenge to create legislation that could meet the emerging legal issues that had appeared as a result of such technology. Although there were no significant policy developments at this time regarding the IT needs of people with disabilities, the development of disability- related policies and the struggle to legislate for emerging computing technologies provided many benefits to people with vision disabilities. Firstly, the development of legislation led to a refinement of disability-related terminology and an increased societal acceptance of people with disabilities as equals (Sutherland, 1981). Secondly, and arguably one of the most significant results from changes in disability policy and IT legislation, was increased access to education. Countries such as the United States and Australia had notable increases in the enrolment of people with disabilities in tertiary institutions through the 1980s due directly to various public laws and legislation in the USA and Australia (Clear, 2000), and also because the possibility of education now seemed achievable in the rights-based social climate. The increase in educational opportunities for people with disabilities was complemented by the development of computing technologies. The increased access to personal computers in tertiary environments meant that people with disabilities had more opportunity to study at tertiary educational institutions and completion 77
ates improved significantly due to the availability of personal computers and associated assistive technologies (Hollier & Murray, 2004). However, despite the use of computing technologies in education by people with disabilities, support within the IT industry for this group was still marginal. Few mainstream computing firms seemed to take issues of accessibility seriously, and it became apparent in the mid 1980s that in order for people with disabilities to keep up with the computing revolution, it would require a major shift in public awareness to highlight the needs of people with disabilities in the development of AT products (Lansdown, 1980). In legislative terms, it has proved difficult to produce up-to-date and relevant IT legislation linked to disability. The numerous computing products and platforms in the mainstream area made it difficult for general IT policy which in turn made it difficult for disability-specific IT policy. As a result, the legislators in the 1980s focused more on disability-specific policy rather than the combination of disability and IT policy. Although the evolution of computing technologies was still deemed to be too volatile for specific IT-based legislation for people with disabilities, the ongoing public education of the needs of people with disabilities gained significant strength during this time (Bricout, 2001). In the early 1990s, the disability-related legislation which began to appear also had implications for the use of IT by people with disabilities. One of the most significant pieces of legislation for people with disabilities in Australia appearing in 1992 was the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) issued by the Federal government. In addition, the Federal government released its first major policy initiative regarding the IT needs of people with disabilities, the Commonwealth Disability Strategy (CDS). Other significant legislation to appear at this time includes the US Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990, which provided a good framework for people with disabilities. In recent years, the USA has also produced legislation that specifically caters for the IT needs of people with disabilities. This legislation was brought in to amend the US Rehabilitation Act, 1973, and it is commonly known as Section 508. The creation of such legislation was highly significant because its effective implementation can have a direct impact in the emergence of new opportunities for people with disabilities. As previously discussed, legislation is effectively the reflection of the current social category of 78
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Faculty of Media, Society and Cultu
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ABSTRACT People with disabilities,
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3.0 ELEMENTS OF THE DISABILITY DIVI
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APPENDIX A: PERSONAL INTERVIEWS....
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following orga
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INTRODUCTION Purpose of the study A
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! Are computing and Internet-relate
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disabilities in the workforce. As a
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entertainment package and, at worst
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Chapter 6, The provision of operati
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Australia, approximately four milli
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which people with disabilities perc
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dependence (J. Wilson & Wilson, 200
Page 27 and 28: economic model complements the righ
Page 29 and 30: ole of people with disabilities, go
Page 31 and 32: time. Policy and resulting legislat
Page 33 and 34: improved, funds were now available
Page 35 and 36: United Nations (UN) during the Inte
Page 37 and 38: actions and participation is connec
Page 39 and 40: occasional struggle for people with
Page 41 and 42: lindness within society also create
Page 43 and 44: communication. This chapter contrib
Page 45 and 46: seen as applicable to the developme
Page 47 and 48: Although clear-path and object-anal
Page 49 and 50: easily interpret text, making the A
Page 51 and 52: interface in their next OS release.
Page 53 and 54: networks so that there is exchange
Page 55 and 56: of information largely inaccessible
Page 57 and 58: again become sufficiently accessibl
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3.1 Household Computer or In
Page 61 and 62: of tertiary education compound the
Page 63 and 64: desire to repair the inferior body
Page 65 and 66: computing firms seemed to take issu
Page 67 and 68: an operating environment which was
Page 69 and 70: accessible and compatible with AT p
Page 71 and 72: cater for the needs of this group.
Page 73 and 74: 4.2 Methodology for personal interv
Page 75 and 76: ! Steger, John. Senior Consultant,
Page 77: All of these points were used with
Page 81 and 82: (f) to assist in achieving positive
Page 83 and 84: disability-related discrimination i
Page 85 and 86: was that Section 508 only applied t
Page 87 and 88: in order to combat the disability d
Page 89 and 90: Such views again highlight the inco
Page 91 and 92: vision disabilities must rely on US
Page 93 and 94: 5.0 THE PROVISION OF ONLINE INFORMA
Page 95 and 96: exist but not how to resolve the pr
Page 97 and 98: ace information for the Sydney 2000
Page 99 and 100: Essentially, the SOCOG case present
Page 101 and 102: In terms of finding out what people
Page 103 and 104: devices. The study concluded that t
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 THE PROVISION OF OPERATING SYST
Page 107 and 108: networking infrastructure market, w
Page 109 and 110: Internet were accessible, it could
Page 111 and 112: developer conferences as a good way
Page 113 and 114: 6.3 Disability-specific product ven
Page 115 and 116: company which tries to do everythin
Page 117 and 118: user through to large networks and
Page 119 and 120: with low vision was the addition of
Page 121 and 122: The UNIX platform has faced a diffi
Page 123 and 124: of writing, Microsoft is being sued
Page 125 and 126: character containing two dots. Brai
Page 127 and 128: Figure 6.7 Vario 80 Refreshable Bra
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Figure 6.10 Omni Phantom (SensAble
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addition there are other input-base
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HP, Cisco and IBM have all contribu
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‘upper-echelons’ of users would
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such as Vision Australia located at
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internal policies reflect the need
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arely given the chance to voice the
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1. to demonstrate the ways in which
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Section B focused on the use of com
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question was to determine the exten
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defined opinions in this study. The
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the type and significance of an ind
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The print and Braille formats were
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with 23 telephone interviews and 3
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid 1
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Valid Male Female Total Gender Freq
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Frequency 200 150 100 50 0 Valid Fu
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Valid Degenerative Stable Total Vis
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid M
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7.4.2 Computing and assistive techn
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Kno
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Ability
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Frequency 150 120 90 60 30 0 Valid
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Frequency 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
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N Valid Missing Familiarity of Inte
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Frequency 125 100 75 50 25 0 Valid
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Val
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid D
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Internet session will contain a var
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Frequency 250 200 150 100 50 0 Vali
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Frequency 250 200 150 100 50 0 Vali
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Dis
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Gov
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Frequency 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
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Frequency 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Des
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Frequency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Valid I
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7.4.5 Open-ended comments The Comme
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There were also a number of comment
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8.0 ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 8.1 Introd
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levels of the working population. A
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the colour scheme question received
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Respondents were fairly evenly spre
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esult indicated that it is likely t
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able to interact with computing and
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Count Ability to Understand and Use
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Ability to Understand and Use a Com
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that knowledge of IT did not necess
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impaired people were not associated
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Count Income Total Income * Cost of
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8.3.5 Disability-specific issues fo
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The final comparison focused on the
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CONCLUSION Addressing the research
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with vision disabilities until the
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ole of this policy, in terms of inf
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een largely resolved in recent time
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vision disabilities perceived the I
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In essence, this study has revealed
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! the creation and implementation o
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Australian Federal Government. (200
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Galitz, W. (2002). Essential Guide
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Lindlif, T. R., & Shatzer, M. J. (1
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Stubbins, J. (1977). Social and Psy
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Zakon, R. (2002, 1 April). Hobbes'
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ETHICS APPROVAL: products and servi
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Name: _ Signature: Date: authorizat
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13. In the United States, the Rehab
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8. Do you perceive that people with
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Title: Department: Organisation: Ye
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18. In your opinion, are educationa
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e found at http://www.vipsurvey.org
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[ ] 2 Living in shared accommodatio
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[ ] 1 Screen magnification software
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24. My ability to use the Internet
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process which I mastered by myself:
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! 5.2 For data tables that have two
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! 10.5 Until user agents (including
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IBM International Business Machines
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