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208 REPRODUCTION d. VALUE IN DIAGNOSIS. Lichen spermpgonia have once and again been found of value in deciding the affinity of related plants, and though there are a number of lichens in which we have no record of their occurrence, they are so constant in others, that they cannot be ignored in any true estimation of species. Nylander laid undue stress on spermogonial characters, considering them of almost higher diagnostic value than the much more important ascosporous fruit. They are, after all, subsidiary organs, and often especially in crustaceous species they are absent, or their relation to the species under examination is doubtful.
CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY I. CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS ANY study of cells or cell- membranes in lichens should naturally include those of both symbionts, but the algae though modified have not been profoundly changed, and their response to the influences of the symbiotic environment has been already described in the discussion of lichen gonidia. The description of cells and their contents refers therefore mainly to the fungal tissues which form the framework of the plant ; they have been transformed by symbiosis to lichenoid hyphae in some respects differing from, in others resembling, the fungal hyphae from which they are derived. A. CELL-MEMBRANES a. CHITIN. It was recognized by workers in the early years of the nineteenth century that the substance forming the cell-walls of fungal hyphae differed very markedly from the cellulose of the membranes in other groups of plants, the blue colouration with iodine and sulphuric acid so characteristic of cellulose being absent in most fungi. Various explanations were suggested ; but it was always held that the doubtful substance was a cellulose containing something peculiar to fungi, this view being strengthened by the fact that, after long treatment with potash, a blue reaction was obtained. It was called fungus-cellulose by De Bary 1 in order to distinguish it from true cellulose. It was not till a much later date that any exact work was done on the fungal cell, and that Gilson 2 by his researches was able to prove that the membranes of fungi contained probably no cellulose, or, "if cellulose were present, it was in a different condition from the cellulose of other plants." Winterstein 3 followed with the results of his examination of fungus-cellulose: he found that it contained nitrogen and therefore differed very considerably from typical plant cellulose. Gilson 4 published a second paper dealing entirely with fungal tissues in which he also established the presence of nitrogen, and added that this nitrogenous compound resembled in various ways the chitin 8 of animal cells. He further discovered that by heating it with potash a substance was obtained that took a reddish-violet stain when treated with* iodine and weak sulphuric acid. This substance, called by him mycosin, was proved later to be similar to chitosan 5 , a product of chitin. 1 2 3 4 De Bary 1866, p. 7. Gilson 1893. Winterstein 1893. Gilson 1894. 5 The chemical formula of chitin \ given as CaoHiooNgOas, that of chitosan as CuH^NaOio- S. L. 14
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Cambridge Botanical Handbooks Edite
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LICHENS BY ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L
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PREFACE THE publication of this vol
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viii CONTENTS II. LICHEN HYPHAE PAG
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x CONTENTS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY
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xii CONTENTS 2. PYRENOLICHENS a. De
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xiv CONTENTS C. SUPPLY OF INORGANIC
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xvi CONTENTS PAGE D. EVOLUTION OF A
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CONTENTS B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE ...
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xx GLOSSARY Discoid, disc-like, an
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xxii GLOSSARY Rhagadiose, deeply ch
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xxiv INTRODUCTION In the absence of
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xxvi INTRODUCTION the cortex have b
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xxviii INTRODUCTION species is a mo
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2 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY A seventh
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4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY the specie
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6 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY plants are
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8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY 5. "Coriac
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I0 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Extensive
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12 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Among con
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I4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY he howeve
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16 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY departure
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I8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY H. PERIOD
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CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICH
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22 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
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3o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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3 2 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THAL
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6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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68 MORPHOLOGY or chondroid strands
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;o MORPHOLOGY II. STRATOSE THALLUS
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72 MORPHOLOGY bb. Formation of crus
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74 MORPHOLOGY marked by subsequent
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;6 MORPHOLOGY c. CHEMICAL NATURE OF
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78 MORPHOLOGY b. HYPOPHLOEODAL LICH
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8o MORPHOLOGY species of Dermatocar
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82 3. MORPHOLOGY FOLIOSE LICHENS A.
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84 MORPHOLOGY in the molecular cons
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86 MORPHOLOGY become almost or enti
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88 MORPHOLOGY fore, in the most fav
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MORPHOLOGY b. LOWER CORTEX. In some
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9 2 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of
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94 MORPHOLOGY or less characteristi
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96 MORPHOLOGY a. BY DEVELOPMENT OF
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9 8 MORPHOLOGY III. RADIATE THALLUS
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100 MORPHOLOGY In the two former th
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102 MORPHOLOGY thallus. It is also
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104 MORPHOLOGY sometimes as a conti
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io6 MORPHOLOGY fastigiate cortex as
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RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the
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RADIATE THALLUS in The sheath of R.
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 113 betwee
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS thus disti
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 117 areas
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 119 follow
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 121 a cont
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 123 consid
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 125 the pr
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS of s
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HYMENOLICHENS 153 recognized its af
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CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION I. REPRODUC
Page 191 and 192: REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarel
Page 193 and 194: REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159 is partiall
Page 195 and 196: REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS the vi
Page 197 and 198: REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 163 or
Page 199 and 200: REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 165 fi
Page 201 and 202: REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 167 (2
Page 203 and 204: REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 169 ru
Page 205 and 206: REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 ti
Page 207 and 208: REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 br
Page 209 and 210: APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 175 also by
Page 211 and 212: DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 1
Page 217 and 218: DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 wall o
Page 219 and 220: LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 185 b. DEVEL
Page 221 and 222: LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in
Page 223 and 224: LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 189 The deve
Page 225 and 226: LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 191 usually
Page 227 and 228: SPERMOGONIA 193 B. SPERMOGONIA AS M
Page 229 and 230: SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted port
Page 231 and 232: SPERMOGONIA 197 advanced stage the
Page 233 and 234: SPERMOGONIA 199 "pycnidial" non-sex
Page 235 and 236: SPERMOGONIA 201 paraphyses, and als
Page 237 and 238: SPERMOGONIA 203 successful, was ver
Page 239 and 240: SPERMOGONIA 205 He also regards as
Page 241: SPERMOGONIA 207 Lichen " spermatia
Page 245 and 246: CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 211 colouri
Page 247 and 248: CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 213 B. CONT
Page 249 and 250: CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 215 pustula
Page 251 and 252: CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 217 slices
Page 253 and 254: CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 219 pected
Page 255 and 256: CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 221 an excr
Page 257 and 258: CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 223 not abo
Page 259 and 260: CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 225 the tha
Page 261 and 262: CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 227 lecanor
Page 263 and 264: CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 229 As an i
Page 265 and 266: GENERAL NUTRITION 231 c. FOLIOSE LI
Page 267 and 268: GENERAL NUTRITION 233 from atmosphe
Page 269 and 270: GENERAL NUTRITION 235 part of an ol
Page 271 and 272: GENERAL NUTRITION 237 Lecanora thal
Page 273 and 274: ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION 239 Ju
Page 275 and 276: ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 241 Wiesner
Page 277 and 278: ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 243 shade i
Page 279 and 280: ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 245 inserti
Page 281 and 282: COLOUR OF LICHENS 247 In many cases
Page 283 and 284: COLOUR OF LICHENS 249 apothecia of
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Page 287 and 288: GROWTH AND DURATION 253 and suggest
Page 289 and 290: GROWTH AND DURATION 255 in the same
Page 291 and 292: DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 257 Crustace
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ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass t
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PARASITISM 261 other lichens. The c
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PARASITISM 263 there on the thallus
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PARASITISM 265 and found that they
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PARASITISM 267 observed. The mature
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DISEASES OF LICHENS 269 the upper c
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GALL-FORMATION 271 irritation excit
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ORIGIN OF LICHENS 273 B. ALGAL ANCE
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 275 B. RELATION
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 277 they are mo
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 279 as " hypoph
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 281 lichen genu
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THE THALLUS 283 might become fertil
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THE THALLUS 285 there is but little
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THE THALLUS 287 Peltigera and Nephr
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THE THALLUS 289 genus Pyrgillus has
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THE THALLUS 291 aa. COENOGONIACEAE.
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THE THALLUS 293 are colourless and
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THE THALLUS 295 of the scyphus and
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THE THALLUS 297 His third group inc
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THE THALLUS 299 are composed of com
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THE THALLUS 301 species and forms a
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THE THALLUS 303 SCHEME OF SUGGESTED
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 305 The apothec
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 307 based on im
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 309 SERifcs i.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 311 b. Not gela
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 313 "pycnidia"
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 315 The gonidia
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 317 superficial
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 319 XIV. PYRENW
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 321 graplia} re
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 323 Thallus wit
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 325 XXIII. LECA
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 327 XXVIII. ECT
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Thallus crustaceous non-corticate.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 331 which grows
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Thallus with Gloeocapsa gonidia. Th
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 335 XL. HEPPIAC
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 337 margin of t
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Thallus non-corticate below. FAMILI
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 341 XLIX. TELQS
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NUMBER OF LICHENS 343 or described
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DISTRIBUTION 345 but, as yet, has b
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DISTRIBUTION 347 as Cladoniae, Leca
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DISTRIBUTION 349 its habitat as "th
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DISTRIBUTION 351 lichens of Austral
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DISTRIBUTION 353 epiphyllous lichen
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FOSSIL LICHENS 355 which recalls so
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION 357 Ecological
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 359 observed th
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 361 South Lanca
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 363 I. ARBOREAL
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 365 whether of y
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 367 gained a foo
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 369 On bare heat
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 371 As already d
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 373 Most calcico
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 375 It will only
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377 The followin
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indifferently on any LICHEN COMMUNI
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 123. Ramalina si
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 383 width all ro
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES: 385 grass that
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 387 above the ti
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES - C. crispa are
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 391 country is D
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LICHENS AS PIONEERS 393 action of h
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CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A.
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are, however, not equally palatable
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LICHENS AS FOOD 399 A minute organi
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LICHENS AS FOOD 401 The true reinde
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LICHENS AS FOOD 403 Iso-lichenin is
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LICHENS AS FOOD 405 20 cm. with irr
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LICHENS AS MEDICINE 407 The doctrin
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LICHENS AS MEDICINE 409 directions
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LICHENS IN INDUSTRY 411 D. LICHENS
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LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 413 British s
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LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 415 of rock-
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LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 417 boiling.
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LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 419 b. LICHENS
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APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII
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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CI
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 Beyerinck, M. W. D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Crombie, J. M. On
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Etard and Bouilhac
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 Gibelli, Giuseppe.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Hudson, W. Flora A
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 Krempelhuber, Augu
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Malinowski, E. Sur
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Nylander, W. Consp
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 Rosendahl, F. Verg
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Steiner, J. Beitra
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 Watson, Sir W. An
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 Zukal, H. Das Zusa
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Bacotia septum, 399 Baeotnyces Pers
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INDEX Cladonia sqiiamosa Hoffm., 11
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Forssellia A. Zahlbr., 284, 333, 37
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Lecanora dtrina Ach., see Placodium
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Mereschkovsky, 258 Merrett, 3 Metzg
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Pentagenella Darbish., 83, 324 Perf
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Quercus alba, 359 Q. chrysolepis, 3
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Stigonema Ag., 23, 16, 54 (Fig. 20)
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Lo
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